Power Through Propaganda in Animal Farm

Power Through Propaganda in Animal Farm From the song Beasts of England to the commandments and their gradual changes, the main source of power throughout Animal Farm results from language and propaganda. Propaganda is information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view Because of Squealers use of this mechanism, and the manipulation of other characters, the reality for Animal Farm is shaped by the words of the powerful. Although one could say that visuals are the strongest type of propaganda, Words are much more powerful. By demonstrating how easily convinced the animals of the farm are by powerful speech or strong words, Orwell shows how people can fall victim and believe lies because of strong persuasive language or the power of words, without understanding the true intentions behind the propaganda they are fed. One could say that the power of words is not the most influential type of propaganda. One could argue that pictures are more influential than words, because of imagery and visuals. But that is not the case. One example of the way that words are the most influential type of propaganda is the song, Beasts of England. Beasts of England Unifies the animals at the beginning of the story. The animals are drawn to words that give them a common enemy and unite them. The song Beasts of England Uses the power of speech to make the animals feel as if they are all united. Even if theyve never gotten along before. Tyrant Man shall be oerthrown, And the fruitful fields of England shall be trod by beasts aloneBright will shine the fields of England, Purrer shall its waters be (Orwell, George). These lyrics make the animals feel as if they are united, and better off without man. Calling men tyrants and evil, while saying that the world will be a better place when men are gone, definitely affects how the animals singing this song will think. Another example of how strong words can be is Old Majors speech. Old Major uses a Hobbesian figure when he declares: Let us face it, our lives are miserable, laborious, and short. And he also speaks in Marxist terms when he declares that Man is the problem. Only get rid of Man, and the produce of our labor would be our own. Almost overnight we could be rich and free. What then must we do? Why, work night and day, body and soul, for the overthrow of the human race! That is my message to you, comrades. Rebellion!'(Robb, Paul H.) Old Major uses propaganda when convincing animals that they should all be against man. This type of propaganda is called pinpointing the enemy. This type of propaganda is used extremely often during wartime, and also in political campaigns and debates. This is an attempt to simplify a complex situation by presenting one specific group or person as the enemy. Old Majors words This type of propaganda is shown in the commandments of animalism. Another way the animals are persuaded by words are the commandments and their changes. The Commandments were made with the intention to unite all animals in mutual equality while identifying the human race as the only significant enemy. The rules made were meant to make the animals feel as if they were in a new, organized political Utopia. However, the words used to sway the animals were not going to stay equal for all. Eventually, the pigs establish themselves as leaders over the other animals. These masses are cleverly displayed through Squealers doubletalk and kept content, initially, by their share in the benefits that follow from increased labor (Laurie Lanzen Harris). Squealer is a pig on Animal Farm. Squealer spins stories into showing how great napoleon is and showing everyone how he can do nothing wrong, or how everything he does is for the greater good of the animals, when its really for his personal gain or just for the pigs. One example is when Squealer commented on The w ar between the three farms. .Russia entered the European war on the side of the Allies (culminating in victory for the Soviet Union, as Squealer claims for Animal Farm, though the only victory was in gaining back what they had before), increasing attempts were made by Stalin to achieve some level of entente, or agreement, with the other Allied nations. A series of meetings were held between the leaders of the various nations, and one particular conference resulted in the protracted Cold War. This conference is represented in the novel by the meeting between the pigs and the humans at the end, at which a quarrel breaks out over cheating at cards (Fitzpatrick, Kathleen). Squealer tells the animals that they had won the war. However, they had not really won anything. The animals do not get mad, however, because squealer strayed them from the truth. He made the animals believe that they had won a war that was unnecessary and unhelpful. One story that squealer drastically changes is boxe rs death. All the animals were working on a windmill. However, while working, boxer gets injured. , and all the animals believe Squealers lies. Especially at Boxers betrayal and tragic death, as well as soon after each event Squealer appears, making the animals feel as if the death was excusable, constructing his versions of events, and explaining that what happened was justified, or what they just say was not what really occurred. Out of context the idea that a pig on hind legs, wiping hot tears from his eyes in memory of a departed friend, is absurd. Butit assumes a very sinister note. Orwells very silence would seem to carry much weight here, it is in such marked contrast to the agitation in the novel (Elbarbary, Samir). However, although the speech is now negative toward the rest of the animals, (representing the common people), the way Squealer adapts the stories of Boxers death so the animals are persuaded to think that its ok. This has been done with the power of words, therefore it is the strongest type of propaganda. In conclusion, The animals in Animal Farm are persuaded by the most influential type of propaganda, the power of words. This is because of squealers persuasion of the animals, the changing of the commandments, and the song Beasts of England. Some may say that imagery is the most influential type of propaganda, but that is not true. The animals in Animal Farm are the most persuaded by the power of words. Works Cited Robb, Paul H. Animal Farm: Overview. Reference Guide to English Literature, edited by D. L. Kirkpatrick, 2nd ed., St. James Press, 1991. Literature Resource Center Fitzpatrick, Kathleen. An overview of Animal Farm. Literature Resource Center, Gale, 2016. Literature Resource Center Elbarbary, Samir. Language as Theme in Animal Farm. Short Story Criticism, edited by Joseph Palmisano, vol. 68, Gale, 2004. Literature Resource Center

Healing in Judith Guests Ordinary People :: Judith Guest Ordinary People Essays

The Question of Healing in Ordinary People How do you define healing? In the dictionary it says that to be healed you are cured, resolved, free from worry. But is that what everyone else thinks of healed as. In the novel Ordinary People, written by Judith Guest, Conrad Jarret goes from being a young boy to an adult within a year. He did not know what he was like himself, in the beginning of the story, then there were things that made him grow, and lastly did he heal? At first Conrad did not know who he was or what his purpose was, when he came home form the hospital. Con had no sense of direction because at the hospital there was an everyday routine that he got used to. When he came home he made up his own routine in the beginning. He tried to go back to what every thing was like before his decsion. But he was unable to. He was trying to take one day at time. One thing was true though "Things were so different at the hospital. People were, you know, turned on all the time. And u just cannot live like that. You cannot live with all that emotion floating around, looking for a place to land. It is do exhausting (55, Guest)." This quote is trying to say that at the hospital people were like machines. The staff told them what to do, when to do it, and how to do it. Outside the hospital you get to make your own choices. The things that made him change would be the relationships he had with his elders, Mom, Dad, and Berger his therapist. Con could always talk to him and also looked to him for good advice. Another person would be his girlfriend Jen. She made him open his eyes to see the world and opened his heart to feel. One more thing would be his music. Music made him feel accepted; he didn't have to care about any thing else when he was singing or playing his guitar. Berger even told con that, "People don not change on command for other people (121, Guest). Meaning that Con cannot change instantly when someone tells him to.

The debate between essentialism and social construction

The debate between essentialism and social construction is a very complicated one. Since both essentialists and social constructionists have different perspectives on matters, in order to be able to decide whether or not there was a presence of homosexual persons over time and place certain aspects have to be taken into consideration. Such as, was it biologically inherited, was it brought about with a preference on acts and desires or overtime influenced by religion, culture, beliefs, social norms, and acceptance has a define answer is a tough decision to make. Essentialists are stereotypical; they choose to have a set definition of a homosexual, whereas a social constructionist would have variations in their idea of what makes a homosexual. A social constructionist would disagree with whether the presence of homosexual persons over time and place have a set thought as to homosexuality was biologically inherited because they would feel that, that would be limiting the thought of other aspects influencing homosexuality. Social constructionists would feel that there is not just one set category or definition that makes you a homosexual. For example, an essentialist would say that a homosexual is someone who has black hair; therefore everyone who has black hair to an essentialist would be a homosexual. Whereas, a social constructionist would say black hair, brown, yellow, purple it doesn't matter it is in fact what that person felt that made him a homosexual. So taking an essentialist point of view stating that there was homosexual persons throughout time and place would discriminate other homosexuals who had different sexual desires, preferences, and acts that transcended through time due to other influencing matters. Matters such as culture, social norms and acceptance, beliefs, and backgrounds are good examples. Whereas Gordon and Abott state, â€Å"Social Constructionism usually has to do with categorizing. † This statement could be viewed as someone stating that religion is a deciding factor to whether someone is homosexual and someone else saying that background is a deciding factor to deciding homosexuality. There are two ideas or theory's stated here that both do influence homosexually. A social constructionist would be able to figure out what is means to be influenced by religion and what is meant to be influenced by background, and be versatile between the two the groups allowing homosexual individuals themselves to decide which factor influenced them even if it was both religion and background.. While an essentialist would simply state those definitions and state which category he/she would fall into there would be not switching into groups. (Gordon and Abott). In the article the Hijras of India by Serena Nanda, the Hijras of India are viewed as a separate group just like gay, lesbian and bisexual people in any other cultures, countries, religions, etc, just because their differences are not viewed as a social norm. They are also treated differently in every aspect because of different influences such as births and weddings. Hijras are a religious group of men who dress and act like women either because they are men who are bisexual and gay, or because when they were young boys they were castrated because of religious beliefs. The Hijras that were castrated when the where young boys are neither men nor women and cannot reproduce so they are viewed as powerful, able to curse those who disrespect them, yet outsiders in their contribution to this India society. Considering gay, lesbian and bisexual lives are not accepted in this culture, would it be reasonable to say that these men who started this religious belief where gay or bisexual men are looking for a way to express there emotions in this non accepting society? This would be a social constructionist view because over time actions and desires have changed in this society because acceptance, beliefs, culture, etc have become more accepting and understanding of the true meaning behind this religious belief. Some other things that came up were are these acts still being performed to younger boys and is this against their religion to deny a human being the right to be male and reproduce (source: Nanda)? In Class on Tuesday September 23, 2003 we had a class discussion on biological differences or mishaps that happen to babies that make it confusing to decide what sex that baby really is. In this class discussion we looked at different examples of baby girls who had their chromosomes in tact but their ovaries were inside of them and had larger clitorises. Should they have been men? We also looked at many other different situations pertaining to that subject. This could also relate back to the Hijras because they could not help what was done to them and this was only done because of social norms and social acceptance. This being an essentialist point of view there was a need for order and meaning. A social constructionist would just simply say that they could fall into many categories and find out what it means to be an XYYY baby or an XX baby with no vagina hole. â€Å"Thus, social constructionists spend much time â€Å"deconstructing† things: demonstrating that a group of categories have no truth and showing how they are socially accomplished (Gordon and Abbott)† Instead of the doctors, parents or the Hijra men who decided what sex a child should be a social constructionist would not follow the social norm in a need to have order and find an answer they would except the difference and make it a category with meaning. Ancient Greece provides another example of how there has always been a presence of homosexuality with an influence from culture. There was presence of homosexuality then and still is today but it has been influenced throughout time by culture, acceptance, social norms etc†¦ , because over time religion, cultures, etc have become more important and more needed for order to place people by the essentialists (Vance). Social constructionist views are more acceptable to differences and variations form the social norms of order and judging. They have shown that there has been a presence of a homosexual person over time and place but not just one type of homosexual person variations of unique homosexual persons. Social constructionism proves that there is not just one way to be but many ways and many categories we can all fit in not judging upon sexual orientation.

Learn 10 Facts About Sochi Russia

Sochi is a resort city located in the Russian Federal Subject of Krasnodar Krai. It is north of Russias border with Georgia along the Black Sea near the Caucasus Mountains. Greater Sochi stretches 90 miles (145 km) along the sea and is considered one of the longest cities in Europe. The City of Sochi covers a total area of 1,352 square miles (3,502 sq km). Geographic Facts About Sochi The following is a list of the ten most important geographic facts to know about Sochi, Russia: 1) Sochi has a long history that dates back to Ancient Greek and Roman times when the area was inhabited by the Zygii people. From the 6th to the 11th centuries though, Sochi belonged to Georgias kingdoms of Egrisi and Abkhazia. 2) After the 15th century, the region making up Sochi was known as Ubykhia and was controlled by local mountaineer clans. In 1829,  however, the coastline region was ceded to Russia after the Caucasian and Russo-Turkish Wars. 3) In 1838, Russia founded the Fort of Alexandria (which was renamed Navaginsky) at the mouth of the Sochi River. In 1864, the final battle of the Caucasian War took place and on March 25 a new fort Dakhovsky was established where Navaginsky had been. 4) Throughout the early 1900s, Sochi grew as a popular Russian resort city and in 1914, it was granted municipal rights. Sochis popularity grew further during Joseph Stalins control of Russia as Sochi as he had a vacation home, or dacha, built in the city. Since its founding, Sochi has also been the served as the location where various treaties have been signed. 5) As of 2002, Sochi had a population of 334,282 people and a population density of 200 people per square mile (95 per sq km). 6) Sochis topography is varied. The city itself lies along the Black Sea and is at a lower elevation than surrounding areas. However, it is not flat and has clear views of the Caucasus Mountains. 7) The climate of Sochi is considered humid subtropical at its lower elevations and its winter low temperatures rarely dip below freezing for long periods. The average January temperature in Sochi is 43 °F (6 °C). Sochis summers are warm and temperatures range from 77 °F to 82 °F (25 °C-28 °C). Sochis receives about 59 inches (1,500 mm) of precipitation yearly. 8) Sochi is known for its various vegetation types (many of which are palms), parks, monuments and extravagant architecture. Around two million people travel to Greater Sochi during the summer months. 9) In addition to its status as a resort city, Sochi is known for its sports facilities. For example, tennis schools in the city have trained such athletes as Maria Sharapova and Yevgeny Kafelnikov. 10) Due to its popularity among tourists, historic characteristics, sports venues and proximity to the Caucasus Mountains, the International Olympic Committee selected Sochi as the site of the 2014 Winter Olympics on July 4, 2007. Sources: Wikipedia. Sochi. Wikipedia- the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sochi

Best Man Wedding Toast Essay - 1064 Words

Best Man Wedding Speech Its turning out to be a day packed full new experiences for me. It’s the first time I’ve had the honour of being a best man, It’s the first time that Brandon has complimented me in over 30 years, and it’s the first time I’ve got a free dinner out of him since that kebab he bought me back in 93. So far things have been going pretty well†¦until now. Start the car Steve. Ladies, Gentlemen, boys, girls Brandon and Lisa, First of all, let me begin on behalf of the bridesmaids, Michelle, Ellie, Hannah and Emily, I would like to thank Brandon for his kind words, and I have to say they look absolutely wonderful and have done an excellent job today. The great thing about being a best man, which incidentally is†¦show more content†¦I don’t remember meeting Brandon for the first time, he just kind of appeared many, many years ago before I was old enough to have a memory. However, that may well be a good thing, because some of those early memories are quiet disturbing. During the mid to late seventies Brandon was quiet convinced that he was 70’s motorcycle pin up Erik Estrada from Chips. (At this point I held up a picture of this guy and compared it with a picture of 7 year old Brandon to emphasise how dissimilar they looked) He also thought that Cola Cubes made him bionic! A tip that you might like to pick up on there Lisa! Its testimony to Lisa Brandons relationship that he’s now over Erik, and Brandons smile has now returned following that fateful afternoon back in 1980 when, out of his mind on a quarter of cola cubes he attempted his first and last ever non-handed bicycle jump. I think I can sum up the moment by combining the words, crown jewels and crossbars. In fact it’s a miracle of medicine that Brandon did not just deliver his speech to you today in the style of Joe Pescuali. As Brandon progressed to becoming a teenager he found that if he took his cola cubes in liquid form and added a decent shot of Vodka, he became even more bionic! Of course some of us know different. Yes we know that it made him talk rubbish like the best of us can, but the funniest thing was that it made him dance like he was actually trying to take his trousers off. AtShow MoreRelatedEssay about Wedding Toast - Best Man1581 Words   |  7 PagesWedding Speech – Best Man Hello my name’s Paul and I’m Martin’s best man, although I’m sure Martin will have a new name for me by the time I’ve finished this. When Martin asked me to be his best man I was initially thrilled at the prospect. Unfortunately it didnt take long for this feeling of well being to dissolve into utter apprehension as I remembered the last time I had to stand up in a room full of people†¦.. I was found guilty and fined $300. 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Notes On Green Fluorescent Proteins - 910 Words

1. Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) GFP is a widely used tool in the field of Molecular biology and Cell biology. It involves emission of fluorescence under Ultra Violet light which allows for direct investigation into the inner working of cells. Green Fluorescent Protein was first isolated from the jelly fish Aequorea victoria by Osamu Shimomura (Shimomura et al., 1962). Since its discovery, it has become useful in the field of science. The GFP chromophore is formed from tri peptide in the primary structure of GFP. Its fluorescence is turned on when exposed to molecular oxygen. The gene of GFP has been introduced into many bacteria, yeast, fungi, plants and humans (Amsterdam, A. et al., 1996) and it is still gaining rapid ground in the field of biological science. 2. 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Professor Explain The Rise & Fall Of Ottoman Empire- Extended Project

Question: Explain the rise and fall of ottoman empire. Answer: The aim of the essay is to give the detailed description of the rise and fall of Ottoman Empire. It will describe the period of expansion of Ottoman state (1298-1453) and how the empire reached its peak (1453-1683). It will give details on the domination of South-eastern Europe and the Middle East. It will highlight the classical Ottoman society and its administration. The essay will describe the stagnation and reform period that prevented the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in the period between 1683-1687. Eventually, it will describe the decline phase of the empire (1828-1908) and identify the internal problems in Ottoman Empire. It will review the effort and contribution of each Ottoman king and describe the role played by each one of them to build the dynasty. The essay will explain how each king slowly added new territories to expand the Ottoman Empire and the important battles conquered by the king during the process. The essay will explain the historical importance and contribu tion of important Ottoman kings like Murad I, Mehmed the conqueror, Selim I and many others. It will specifically derive the strategic conquest between Mongols leader Timur and how they strategically took control over Constantinople. The essay will describe in detail about the peak period when Murad II redeveloped the Ottoman Empire. It has described the kings who were threat to the Ottoman expansion and how they overcome those obstacles to expand the empire. It will finally describe the stagnation period after the death of Suleiman and the short period of revival and reforms in the empire. It will explain the eventual decline of the empire in the 18th and early 19th centuries. It will highlight the reform efforts by the people and how the whole military was defeated finally. The essay seeks to explain important reasons because of which they could not recover from financial and technological losses and how the Europeans finally dominated their position. The Janissary revolt and Worl d War I gave the final death blow to the empire from which they could not recover and the empire disintegrated into independent kingdoms. The Ottoman Empire or the Turkish Empire came into being in 1299 under the rule of Osman I, a nomadic Turkmen chief in north-western Anatolia. The term Ottoman is due to the dynastic appeal, and it is derived from the name from the founder of the dynasty, Osman I. It became one of the most powerful empires in the world during 15th to 16th centuries. The Ottoman period existed for more than 600 years, and it came to final decline in 1922. The Turkish Republic replaced the Ottoman Empire and various other successor states in Europe and the Middle East. During its dominion period, it expanded to southeastern part of Europe till the Vienna gates, the Balkan region, Greece, Ukraine, Middle East, North Africa and Arabian Peninsula (Inalcik 2013). It became a transcontinental empire after Murad I annexed the Balkan region between 1362 and 1389 and became a claimant to the caliphate. The Ottomans were responsible for the decline of Byzantine Empire in 1453 after the conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed, the Conqueror. The empire reached great height under the reign of Suleiman, the magnificent king in the period between 16th and 17th centuries. During his reign, it became a multi-national empire with control of power in much of Western Asia, The Caucasus, North Africa, etc. At the start of 17th century, the empire consisted of 32 provinces and many naval states. Some of this came from Ottoman dominion, and others were granted autonomous status with the passage of time (Davison 2015). The Ottoman Empire remained the center of communication between Eastern and Western part of the world for six centuries when Constantinople was its capital, and it had control over Mediterranean Basin. After a prolonged empire military setback against a European power, the Ottoman Empire came to a decline in the late nineteenth centuries (Trumpener 2015). The initial stage of Ottoman dynasty was characterized by continuous territorial expansion. It amalgamated political, economic and social practices of Islamic empires with those inherited from Byzantine and Turkish empire of Central Asia. It was reformed in new ways. The line of successors playing a role in Ottoman expansion took place under Osman I, Orkhan, Murad I, and Beyazid I after the loss of Byzantine Empire, Bulgaria, and Serbia. The rise of Ottoman Empire took place between 1299 and 1453. Osman, I expanded the Turkish settlement and his rule extended to Eastern Mediterranean and The Balkans. Osman's son Orhan annexed the city of Bursa in 1324 and took it under Ottoman Empire. With this conquest, the Byzantines lost control over northern part of Anatolia. The victory at Kosovo in 1389 lead to the end of Serbian empire and further paved the way for the expansion of Ottoman Empire into Europe. Even the Battle of Nicopolis in 1396 failed to prevent the progress of victorious Ott omans (Wittek 2013). After the entry of Turkish into the Balkans, their main objective was the strategic conquest of Constantinople. The Empire had control over all Byzantine lands, but they were relieved when Mongol leader Timur, founder of Timurid Empire invaded eastern Anatolia. Timur defeated the Ottoman army in the Battle of Ankara in 1402 and took King Bayezid as a prisoner with them. The empire became much disorganized, and his arrest put the empire into disorder. The war between Timur and Ottoman Empire lasted from 1402 to 1413 when Bezzie's son tried to fight succession battles. The civil war finally came to an end when Mehmed I became the sultan and tried to restore the Ottoman Empire back to its original glory. This brought an end to the Interregnum period (Fleischer 2014). Several territories of Ottoman Empire in the Balkans were lost temporarily in 1402, but it was recovered back by Murad II in the period between 1430-1450. Murad II defeated Hungarian and Wallachian armies in 1444 under Wlad yslaw III of Poland and John Hunyadi at the Battle of Varna. Four years later, John Hunyadi prepared another army for attacking the Turks, but Murad II again defeated him at the Second Battle of Kosovo in 1448 (Miller 2013). The Ottoman dynasty reached its peak period in 1453-1566. After Murad II his son Mehmed (the Conqueror) redeveloped the empire and military of Ottoman Empire and conquered Constantinople on 1453. He allowed Church to stick to its autonomy and land only after they agreed to accept Ottoman authority. A significant number of Orthodox Christians accepted Turks dominion due to the bad relation between Western European states and the Byzantine empire (Walz 2014). The resistance of Albanian was a significant roadblock to Ottoman expansion in the Italian peninsula. It reached expansion period in the 15th and 16th century. It grew positively under the rule of efficient Sultans like Selim I (1512-1520). He had a role in dramatically expanding the empire after defeating Shah Ismail of Persia in Battle of Chaldrian. He strengthened the Turk rule in Egypt and a naval center on the Red Sea. This expansion led to fierce competition between Portuguese Empire and Ottoman Empire for becoming a powerfu l kingdom in that region (Braude 2013). After Selim I, Suleiman further expanded the empire by capturing Belgrade in 1521 and countries of Hungary after the historical battle of Mohacs in 1526. He tried seizing Vienna in 1529 but failed, so he made another attack on Vienna. Transylvania, Wallachia, etc. also became part of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman seized Baghdad from the Persians in 1535 and gained control over Mesopotamia and Navy in the Persian Gulf. The official partition of Caucasus in 1555 existed until the end of Russia-Turkish War in 1768-74 (Barbir 2014). The France and the Ottoman Empire became strong allies. The joint venture between French kings Francis I and Suleiman lead to the conquest of Nice and Corsica. In 1559, the Ottomans acquired East Adal Sultanate in its domain. This further expanded Ottoman territory till Somalia and Horn of Africa. It increased their power in the Indian Ocean thus helping them compete against Portuguese. When Suleimans rule came to an end, the empire had a population of 15 m illion people extending to more than three continents. It also became a dominant naval force across the Mediterranean Sea. The extent of political and military achievement of the Ottoman Empire has been compared to the Roman Empire (Kunt and Woodhead 2014). This section will describe the stagnation and reform period of Ottoman Empire between 1556-1827. The stagnation and decline of Ottoman Empire became evident after the death Suleiman in 1566. The period has short revival and recovery time for them. The decline of the empire gradually increased and by 1699, it was like a wretched kingdom (Davison 2015). The different historian has a different view on the reason for the downfall of the dynasty. Some explained that weak and degenerated successors, ill-equipped army, incompetent soldiers, corrupt official, enemies and treacherous members led to the downfall of the empire. The main weakness was that there was a lack of leadership. Some say that only one sultan out of 10 from 1292 to 1556 had admirable leadership qualities. Beside this from next group of Sultans between 1266 to 1703, only two were competent rulers. Therefore in a centralized system, failure of power at the center proved hazardous for the empire (Inalcik 2013). They consiste ntly ignored Constantinople leading to these consequences. The Europeans were growing in their military strength while the strength of Ottoman army and their arms were hardly improved. It had an effect on their economic system too which became impoverished due to inflation caused by war. All their earnings suffered as world trade moved to other regions and law and order problem further made the economic progress difficult (Findley 2014). The period of 1566-1683 was a period of revolts and revivals of Ottoman Empire. The effective military and bureaucratic systems were highly affected due to a continuous period of misrule by the weak sultans. It lagged behind the Europeans regarding innovative military technology. The Ottoman Empire was crippled by increasing religious and intellectual conservatism. Despite all these issues the empire remained a dominion power until the Battle of Vienna in 1683 (Motyl 2013). The battle was responsible for the end of Ottoman empowerment from Europe. The Europeans discovered new business sea routes and this prevented Ottoman trade monopoly. The discovery of new route from Africa to Asia from Cape of Good Hope in 1488 by the Portuguese lead to some Ottoman-Portuguese naval wars in the Indian Ocean during the 16th century. The alliance of Somali Muslims with Ottoman led to the development of new coinage according to Ottoman pattern. It promoted economic independence (Clogg 2013). A Catholic coalition took place between Philip II of Spain and the Ottoman naval army at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571. It gave a great blow to the invincibility of Ottoman. Their image was also eroded by the victory of soldiers of Malta against the Ottoman invaders in 1565. It significantly damaged Ottoman navy, and the loss of manpower was huge than the loss of ships. The ships could be replaced but not the skills of soldiers who died. The Ottoman navy recovered soon, and they signed a peace treaty with Venice in 1573. This treaty leads to Ottoman expansion and strengthens their holding in Africa. The need of Ottoman infantry was required in the Long War against Habsburg Austria in 1593-1606. It created problems of indiscipline, disorder and rebelliousness within the soldiers. When the population of Ottoman Empire reached 30 million by 1600, shortage of land became a new burden on the government. In spite of all these problems Ottoman Empire did not collapse but they lost campaigns against Safavid dynasty of Persia (Masters 2013). During the rule of Murad IV (1612-1640), he recaptured Iraq from Safavids. The period between 1648-1656 was the period of the Sultanate of women. In this period mother of young sultans exerted the powers of their son. Two women of importance were Kosem Sultan and her daughter-in-law Turhan Hatice. The political rivalry between the two women leads to Kosem's murder in 1651. The period of renewal came to an end in 1683 when Mustafa Pasha leads the second siege of Vienna in the Great Turkish War of 1683-1687. The final attack was postponed a lot, and it culminated in the Treaty of Karlowitz which ended the Great Turkish War. The Ottomans surrendered and Lost control of places forever. Mustafa II was also defeated at Zenta in 1697 (Grkan 2015). The Russian expansion was a significant threat for the Ottomans. King Charles II of Sweden persuaded Sultan Ahmed III to declare war on Russia in which Ottomans were victorious in 1710-1711. The war ended with the Treaty of Belgrade in 1739 resulting in the recovery of Serbia and Oltenia. This treaty gave peace to the Ottoman Empire as Austria and Russia were forced to check the development of Prussia. There were many educational and technical reforms in this period (Hutchinson 2012). Istnabul Technical University and an artillery school were opened. Repeated defeats in a war with Russians made people believe that Russians had an edge, and Ottomans should now keep western technology to prevent further defeats. So, first attempt to modernize the army was taken by Selim III (1787-1807). The Jannisary corps revolt lead to the death of Selim III. In 1821, Greeks also fought with Sultans. So some part of Ottoman Empire became independent (McCarthy 2014). The period between 1828-1908 is the period of decline and modernization. The Crimean War (1853-1856) was a long battle for gaining control over declining Ottoman Empire. The war leads to massive financial losses for the Ottomans. There attempt of modernization was also affected by several threats from creditors. So the Ottoman state was bankrupt in 1875. In 1881, it agreed to have its debt controlled by Ottoman Public Debt Administration (Ahmad 2014). The Ottoman Empire gradually decreased in size after it lost Balkan War in 1912-1913. Many Muslims fled with Ottoman armies. The gradual dissolution and defeat of the army began with the beginning of the Second Constitution Era in 1908-1922. A ray of hope was established with Young Turk Revolution. It brought back Ottoman Constitution of 1876. This constitution rejuvenated the empire strength and enabled to hold its position amidst outside power. So this period was the twilight struggle of the dynasty (Macfie 2014). The Ottoman engagement during World War I occurred with the link in the Middle Eastern Theatre. They had significant victories in Battle of Gallipoli and the Seige of Kut. The Revolt of Arabs in 1916 proved fatal for the Ottomans, and the partition of Ottoman Empire took place under the Treaty of Sevres. This treaty gave the Sultan power to retain his title. The Turkish War of Independence was fought under the leadership of Mustafa Kamal, which he won. The Sultnate was abolished in 1922 and the last sultan, Mehmed VI had to leave the country in 1922. The Calipahte rule was also abolished on March 1924. When the Russian Cuacasn army advanced towards eastern Anatolia in 1915, the Ottomans began deportation of the Armenian population. It leads to the death of 1.5 million people in the Armenian genocides. It was carried out by mass killing of the male population, the subjection of the army to forced labor and deportation of women and children. All the deportees did not have a supply of f ood and water, and they were subjected to atrocities like robbery, rape, and massacre (Macfie 2014). Now the question arises what prevented the collapse of Ottoman Empire for such a long time. The Ottoman Empire was a significant threat in Europe. The religious and cultural difference made Europeans hostile toward Ottomans. The reasons that allowed Ottomans to venture into inner areas of Europe were: The discouragement of the Byzantine Empire by Europeans in 1200-1453. Religious strife in Europe caused by reformation leading to isolation of the Catholics and providing Ottomans with European allies. Superior and well developed military planning. So the Ottoman power persisted due to a power play between Europeans. During the period between 1683 to 1923, the Ottoman power was not seriously challenged by anybody except the Russians. Habsburg their other enemy was also content with the territories seized then, and they did not go for further annexations. Venice had also declined its power. After 1830, the European powers also propped up the Ottoman empire as they are afraid of antagonistic attacks. Other secondary reasons were no more crusades taking place. The Ottoman reformation made them invincible, and there were limited enemies till 1683. By granting religious tolerance and exploiting Orthodox Church, the Ottomans refused Orthodox subjects from comparing them with a European power. This continued till the contest of Russia. Until the 15th century, all empires in Eurasia were under the threat of attack by the deportation of the population. But the Ottomans only faced one invasion in 1400 by Timur Lane. After this invasion, the Mongols became allies of the Turks in their war against Russia and Persia. Just like Constantinople was the reason for the existence of Byzantine Empire. Similarly, Istanbul also played the same role for the Ottomans (Motyl 2013). Therefore, the Ottoman Empire finally started going into decline due to internal and external factors. Internally the Ottomans had three major problems. Firstly, after the death of Suleiman, the other sultans who came to power were weak, incapable and less energetic. They spent their time in useless activities in courts and so the empire lost its sheen due to the lack of influential sultans. Without the lack of empowering sultan at the center, corruption in the capital became a significant problem (Sajdi 2014). Secondly, the Janissaries became a virtual hereditary caste who demands more pay although they worked less and were lazy. The size of the empire also became a problem for the Ottomans. Controlling such a large empire was impossible. The sultan was expected to lead the army but as the frontiers expanded it took much time for the army to reach their enemy (Schoon 2015). So it leads to the shortening of the campaign season, and hardly any new land was conquered. This had a great impact on the Ottoman at the siege of Vienna in 1529. The Turks could not reach Vienna till Spring and early winter lead to disastrous suffering for the troops not used to European weathers. Because of all these reasons, the Ottomans conquered very little territories after 1565 and so they earned very fewer revenues that could come from these campaigns (Chapra 2015). External economic factors also had an impact on the Ottomans arising due to Age of Exploration. The Portuguese discovery of new route from Africa to Asia leads to loss of monopoly of spice trade to Europe. It cost them huge losses financially. Another problem was the huge influx of gold and silver to Europe by Spanish. It leads to rampant inflation within the Ottoman Empire in the year 1500. This inflation along with other factors affected the revenue of Empire resulting in the financial decline of Ottomans (Balsoy 2015). So it can be concluded that Ottoman Empire was highly affected by economic decline. Their military powers also suffered due to loss of revenues and less conquest. After 1600, the Turks military edge in an army and they had no technological equipment for wars. While the European army constantly upgraded their artilleries and weapons, the Ottomans used stagnated weapons putting them to disadvantage against their enemies. At that time, the Europeans were reviving the army by strict drill and discipline. But the Ottomans failed to adapt these techniques and were at a loss while fighting against European armies. The Janissary revolt further disrupted the empire. The Ottomans suffered from a political and economic decline in the following centuries. The final blow was dealt with World War I which destroyed the Ottoman Empire and disintegrated into many independent kingdoms. Reference Ahmad, F., 2014.The Young Turks and the Ottoman Nationalities. University of Utah Press. Balsoy, G., 2015.The Politics of Reproduction in Ottoman Society, 18381900. Routledge. Barbir, K.K., 2014.Ottoman rule in Damascus, 1708-1758. Princeton University Press. Braude, B., 2013.Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire: The Abridged Edition, with a New Introduction. 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