Functionalist and Conflict theories Essay Essays

Functionalist and Conflict theories Essay Essays Functionalist and Conflict theories Essay Essay Functionalist and Conflict theories Essay Essay Sociology is the survey of society and the behavior forms of a peculiar group or civilization. In modern-day Australian society. a good apprehension of this is needed in order to do better societal alterations to run into societal demands. When it comes to seeking to explicate and understand society. there are two chief points of position that a individual can take. These are the functionalist position. which is mostly based on plants by Talcott Parsons. and the struggle position. sometimes referred to as Marxism. as Karl Marx made a important part towards this theory. Although in most ways these positions straight oppose each other. finally. they are both seeking to make the same thing. that is. explicate why society is like it is today. : Functionalists see society in a comparatively optimistic manner. They see groups as interdependent. working together for the good of the whole society. They claim that administrations and groups are mostly benevolent. and that they are at that place for utile intents. A individual who takes the functionalist position sees society as by and large runing swimmingly. and perceives that really small alteration is needed. as groups being interrelated agencies that alteration in one country will hold an consequence on the whole society. The functionalist position. while utile in explicating constructions and maps of assorted groups in society. tends to gloss over the negative facets of society. over-explaining them so that occurrences which could hold a big negative impact on society seem fiddling and unimportant. Where consensus is non go oning. it is the struggle position that has the better account. The struggle theory perceives society as stratified. that is. holding important divisions. It puts frontward a more ambitious. oppugning position on society. Peoples who support this position claim that in every establishment there are some people with more power. chances and position than others. This position is about inequalities. dissension. and the usage of power to advantage some while disfavoring others. The struggle theory is the direct antonym of functionalism in that it focuses on the negative facets of society. and even when something is working comparatively good. struggle theoreticians tend to analyze it until they do happen something incorrect. doing a mountain out of a metaphoric molehill. So while the functionalist theory and the struggle theory are two extremes of sociological thought. it is non necessary to take the position of either one or the other. Very seldom are state of affairss clearly black and white. Most frequently. if non ever. there are many sunglassess of Grey in between. Therefore it is of import to take on the position of both theories. and figure out which facet of a peculiar state of affairs applies to which theory. A good illustration of merely how much the two opposing positions differ is to use them both to the cosmopolitan establishment. the household. Functionalists see the household as a critical establishment that is needed to transport out several of import maps. These maps are: ?Regulating sexual behavior and reproduction ?Socialising kids ?Protecting kids and the aged ?Providing emotional support and fondness for its members ?Serving as an of import ingestion unit for society’s merchandises ( Earle and Fopp. 1999 ) These maps by and large still work good in the instances of socialization and reproduction. attention of the kids and the aged. and as an economic unit. earning and consuming. However in today’s society. where there is an increasing sum of domestic maltreatment every bit good as working individual parents or two working parents. members of a household aren’t ever able to supply emotional support and fondness for other members. Besides in today’s modern society there are a great sum of people holding sex before matrimony. and an alarmingly big sum of teenage gestation. Therefore households are non transporting out the map of modulating sexual behavior and reproduction every bit much as they were 20 or thirty old ages ago. Functionalists frequently use biological comparings. claiming that a household is like an being. with each member holding a peculiar function. These functions are considered natural. and must be carried out for the good of the whole household. These functions involve work forces traveling out into the work force and taking economic leading while the adult females stay at place looking after her kids and hubby and making all the housekeeping. The functionalist theory claims the atomic household as the ‘norm’ . The atomic household consists of two parents. one of each gender. and their kids populating together in one family. Although this construction is still reasonably typical of today’s society. it was much more prevalent in the 1950’s. Today there are many fluctuations of the household. and merely about half of households are atomic. With divorce and individual parent households steadily on the rise. and adult females desiring the same rights as work forces. functionalists are holding to come up with ways to explicate these happenings. For illustration. with divorce. a functionalist would reason that divorce is a good thing because it means that when people marry the 2nd clip unit of ammunition they will hold more experience and it will be more likely to last. However. this theory is considered out-of-date. In today’s society with a lifting economic system more and more adult females are traveling out into the work force. But this excess function does non intend giving up their other function as carer. Womans end up taking on two functions – that of the carer and the homemaker. every bit good as that of a worker. This is going unwanted for adult females. doing them loath to get married. The functionalist theory fails to take into consideration the simple fact that things change. And where the functionalist theory doesn’t rather apply. the struggle theory has the better account. The struggle position sees traditional functions in households as restricting women’s lives to caring for their hubby and kids. They claim that this agreement is non biological at all. but socially constructed. that is. created by people. These functions have been around and accepted for so long that they seem natural. but the struggle position argues that in existent fact people have been trained over many old ages into believing this manner. The struggle theory emphasises disagreement and battle as a portion of any human group. Conflict theoreticians say that in any group there will be position issues. something will be unjust. and the power will be divided – some will give orders. others will obey. This applies to the household in that it is frequently. if non ever. the parents giving orders to their children/teenagers. who are supposed to obey. Besides. even in today’s altering society. work forces still frequently have more power than their married womans. In modern Australian society. there are demographic alterations in household signifier. and household families are well smaller. The alterations in household agreement and in household values have of import effects for the household as an establishment. Fewer adult females are holding big households and the matrimony rate has declined. mostly because of alterations in attitudes to marriage and populating agreements. There is an increasing sum of non merely de facto relationships. but besides in the societal credence of these relationships. The divorce rate has besides increased. which so in bend influences the figure of blended every bit good as individual parent households. The struggle theory addresses these issues. and asks the of import inquiry ‘what needs to be changed in order for the household unit to last? ’ On the other manus. the functionalist theory attempts to explicate why these things are go oning and how they benefit society. Both the functionalist and struggle theories raise some really valid and of import points. Functionalism sometimes has a inclination to concentrate on the past. while the struggle theory places a bigger accent on the present. However. both theories are needed if the household is to last in the hereafter.

Timeline of 15th Century Inventions

Timeline of 15th Century Inventions Most people know that Johannes Gutenberg invented movable type presses during the 15th century- in 1440 to be exact. That invention, which was possibly historys greatest, made the inexpensive printing of books possible. But, many other important inventions were introduced  during this century. Below are those that top the list. Early 1400s: Golf, Music, and Painting Tiger Woods,  Arnold Palmer,  and  Jack Nicklaus  would never have walked the links without the invention of the little white ball that they smacked incredible distances. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart  could never have composed his classic concertos without a piano. And, imagine the  Renaissance  without oil painting. Yet, these world changing inventions were created in the early 1400s.   1400: Golf is thought to have originated in a game played in Scotland as early as 1400. The balls were made of wood and didnt travel very far, but at least they represented a start. Indeed, golf was so entrenched in Scotland by midcentury that in 1457,  King James II of Scotland  issued a ban  against playing the game.The earliest version of the piano, called a clavichord, came into existence this year, according to the website, Piano Play It. In 1420, the clavichord  gave way to the harpsichord and leter the spinet, which looks more like the pianos used today.1411: Technically called the matchlock, the trigger- the basic firing mechanism for a rifle or gun- first appeared this year.1410: Oil paint, itself, was actually invented in Asia sometime before the fifth century, but oil painting techniques- like those used by such great artists as  Leonardo da Vinci  and  Michelangelo- were introduced this year by  Jan van Eyck.1421: In Florence, Italy, hoisting gear was inve nted.1439/1440: Gutenberg invents the printing press. Midcentury: Printing Press, and Glasses You would not be reading this website if it were not for Gutenbergs invention of the printing press, upon which all modern typed material is based- including printed material on the web. And, many of you would not be able to read this page without glasses. The rifle also- sadly- advanced during this period. 1450: Nicholas of Cusa created spectacles of polished lenses for nearsighted people.1455: Gutenberg introduced the printing press with metal movable type, marking a turning point in world history.1465: In Germany, drypoint engravings came into existence.1475: Muzzle-loaded rifles were invented in Italy and Germany. Late 1400s: The Parachute, Flying Machines, and Whiskey Many of the ideas and devices common in modern times came into existence in this time period. Some, like the parachute or flying machines, were merely drawings inked on a page by Da Vinci. Others, such as the globe, helped humans navigate the world, and whiskey became a popular drink in the U.S. and worldwide. 1486: In Venice, the first known copyright was granted.1485: Da Vinci designed the first parachute.1487: Bell chimes were invented.1492: Da Vinci was the first to seriously theorize about flying machines.Martin Behaim invented the first map globe.1494: Whiskey was invented in Scotland. Resources and Further Reading â€Å"Early Piano History.† Edited by Ashwati Franklin, Piano Play It, 2017. Highfield, Roger. â€Å"Oil Painting Invented in Asia, Not Europe.† The Telegraph, Telegraph Media Group, 22 Apr. 2008. â€Å"The Matchlock.† The Encyclopedia of Weapons, 22 June 2011. â€Å"Oil Paint History.† Cyberlipid, Les Sites De GERLI.

Socialgical research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Socialgical research paper - Essay Example Additionally, other school discipline issues such as drug abuse, cheating, bullying, truancy, disrespect of authority, and minor misdemeanors plague educational institutions, resulting to innumerable classroom and school disruptions, as well as almost two million suspensions yearly. (Hymowitz, 2000) It comes as no surprise then that most schools in the United States have decided to impose a zero tolerance policy-and it is not something new. According to a survey of the U.S. Department of Education at least a decade ago, of more than 1,200 public schools, approximately three-quarters of schools in the United States have reported practicing a version of a no-tolerance policy-"79 percent had zero-tolerance policies against violence, 88 percent for drugs, 91 percent for weapons and 94 percent for firearms." (Witt, 2007) Many schools enforced this policy after the term "zero tolerance" became popular during the last days of Ronald Reagan's "War on Drugs" and was even made more infamous after a series of high-profile high school shootings, the American Psychological Association reported. Such policy, however, does not come without any controversy clinging to it. For one, according to the Journal of Sociology, "sociologists have historically scoffed at this latter (zero tolerance) policy." (Zajdow, 2005) Not only that, this policy has sparked numerous complaints and protests from the public through the years because of what many see as pointlessness of policies, like students being suspended or expelled for carrying a legal, non-prescription drug such as Advil in their backpacks, having pocketknives in cars, and carrying sharp tools beyond a "woodshop" class. In other cases, the policy was known to have come in conflict with religious freedom, such as the carrying of kirpans, a ceremonial dagger or sword that must be carried by baptized Sikhs. (Zero tolerance (schools)) But much worse than the irregularities is the problem of racism in terms of implementing the zero tolerance and discipline in school, according to the American Sociological Association. In fact, though, the United States is seen as the land of the free, reports of much severe punishment for African-American students than their white counterparts are prevalent. (Free, 2004) In a paper entitled "Zero Tolerance Policies and Alternative Education: Where Do We Go from Here" Janese Free states the following: "The recent rise in school violence and prevalence of weapons in the hands of students in the past twenty years has led to implementing new disciplinary policies in schools- most notably, 'zero tolerance policies.' While these seemingly 'get tough on crime' policies remain popular, criticism and skepticism as to their effectiveness and appropriateness increase daily. The implementation of these policies nationwide has resulted in dramatic increases in school exclusions (suspensions and expulsions). Not only are exclusions more prevalent, but research suggests that a disproportionate number of African American and other minority students are being excluded from schools across the country." (Free, 2004) One the questions that I honestly think should be brought to the fore: Why are African-American students punished more severely than children of other ethnic groups As, the data from the U.S. Department of Education show, "on average across the

Land law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Land law - Essay Example To start with, the Limitation Act 1980 makes provision for a claim for recovery of land only in circumstances where a squatter is in adverse possession, and the action will be statute-barred if it is not commenced within 12 years from the date of the dispossession.2 Schedule 1, Paragraph 8(1) provides as follows:- ‘No right of action to recover land shall be treated as accruing unless the land is in the possession of some person in whose favour the period of limitation can run (referred to below in this paragraph as adverse possession); and where under the preceding provisions of this Schedule any such right of action is treated as accruing on a certain date and no person is in adverse possession on that date, the right of action shall not be treated as accruing unless and until adverse possession is taken of the land.’3 Whether or not Mia has been in actual possession of the property for the requisite statutory term of 12 years can only be determined by reference to the relevant case law. Possession for the purposes of the Section 15 of the Limitation Act 1980 has been restated by the House of Lords in J.A. Pye (Oxford) Ltd. and Others v Graham and Another [2002]. In this case Lord Browne-Wilkinson remarked that the ‘only question was whether the squatter had been in possession in the ordinary sense of the word†¦ The question is simply whether the defendant squatter has dispossessed the paper owner by going into ordinary possession of the land for the requisite period without the consent of the owner’.4 In the ordinary sense of the word, possession must contain two essential elements, factual possession as well as an intention to possess. Factual possession was defined by Slade J in Powell v McFarlane (1977) as an exclusive occupation of the land to the extent that a true owner is otherwise entitled to occupy it. ‘The question what acts constitute a sufficient degree of exclusive physical control must

Critical thinking Essay Example for Free

Critical thinking Essay The Curriculum and Instruction In an idealistic perspective, general education should be given much emphasis. True enough, even in the tertiary level in the Philippines, general subjects are still taken for the development of wholeness and excellence as human beings. The curriculum of our education system is also cumulative. Therefore, there is progression in learning while harnessing our past knowledge. Idealism in education gave importance to the subjects like philosophy, theology, history, literature and arts. This is evident especially in college. In some universities, the students are mandatory to take philosophy and theology in 12 units each. These subjects invoke the students to be conscious truth seekers as they step out in the real yet materialistic world. Whereas the science subjects, it help the students in dealing with cause and effect relationships. Language, too, is given high importance as our tool for communication. Moreover, critical thinking is highly imposed on the students so that we may not be deceived by our senses. Ideally, all of the subjects should be values-integrated and deals with real-life problems. The education system in the Philippines may not be too concerned with the Macrocosm concept but usually, especially in the Catholic schools, the curriculum is theocentric and there is the emphasis on acting in Christ-like ways, which can be considered as the ideals. The Educator All the people that make up the school especially the teachers are bound to be the students’ moral and cultural models. It’s with them that the students aspire to be upright individuals. Moreover, the teachers make use of references about inspirational models such as heroes, exemplars, etc. so that the students, too, will embody their good traits. In an idealistic method, the teachers incorporate effective communication with the students, especially Socratic dialoguing. This evokes the students to be critical thinkers through questioning and rationalizing. The Philippines is known to have a lot of heroes, from epic stories to real life stories. We are taught to identify the qualities of their heroism and be like them. We are trained to communicate, debate even, what is good, what is beautiful and what is true. We are shaped to be intuitive learners because learning does not stop, for the search of the truth is part of our lives. The Goals for the Students Again, the students in an idealistic set-up are expected to be truth seekers as they study the subjects that elicit critical thinking. In the journey of studying, they made use of their senses but more importantly, they process all of their observations and feelings through reflection. In this way, the learner examines his own mind and compares or shares it with others in order to seek for the truth. This I believe is harnessed in our education system because, at least from the schools I came from, we are trained to be intuitive and have introspective explorations. All of these goals boil down to an ultimate objective which is for self-development. This can be attained if we are values-driven, intrinsically motivated and if we are immersed with our cultural heritage. These again are highlighted in the Philippine education.

The Handmaids Tale Essay -- The Handmaids Tale Essays

In Margaret Atwood’s ‘The Handmaids Tale’, we hear a transcribed account of one womans posting ‘Offred’ in the Republic of Gilead. A society based around Biblical philosophies as a way to validate inhumane state practises. In a society of declining birth rates, fertile women are chosen to become Handmaids, walking incubators, whose role in life is to reproduce for barren wives of commanders. Older women, gay men, and barren Handmaids are sent to the colonies to clean toxic waste. Fear is power. Fear is ever-present in Gilead; it is implemented through violence and force. It is through fear that the regime controls the Gileadian society. There is no way Offred, or the other Handmaids can avoid it. The dead bodies hanging on the wall are a relentless reminder of what rebellion and conflict result in. The abuse of power is also present in chapter fifteen after Moira attempts to escape, she is taken to the old science lab and has her feet beaten with steel frayed wires and is then left on her bed, ‘’Moira lay on her bed as an example.’’ (pg. 102 ) She is an example of what rebellion results in. Therefore, creating fear in the other Handmaids to prevent them from rebelling. Handmaids are also branded like cattle, a numerical tattoo on their ankle consisting of an eye and four digits; similar to the tattoos on Nazi prisoners, prevents them from escaping. Offred refers to it as, ‘’ A passport in reverse.’’ (pg. 75 ) this reference implies that there is no escape or leaving her situation, as a passport would allow a person to leave a country. Atwood uses this tattoo to display the society’s exploitation of power, and has been related to that of the cruel regime of Nazi Germany. The Gilead regime uses language, particularly... ...t create a feeling of disorientation towards the reader. Atwood does this to enable us to understand just how disjointed life is in Gilead. Offred continuously involves the reader, she directly addresses us and anticipates our response and even feels she has to justify some of her actions, she is a self-conscious narrator. Atwood is also preparing us for the revelation in the Historical notes that Offred is recounting her story into a tape recorder. The story is open ended; we are not told what exactly happened to Offred, Atwood does this in order to have more of an impact on the reader. Works Cited Margaret Atwood, The Handmaids Tale, (first pub. 1986) Publish by Vintage London 1996. Sandra Langdon, The Handmaids Tale, Letts Explore for A level, (first pub.1998) http://www.novelguide.com/TheHandmaid'sTale/essayquestions.html (accessed 11/10/2014)

Introduction to 21st Fashion

Student name: Peiji Zhou Student number: 10344206 Content page: Lookbook and range building——————-P 3 Shop report———————————–P 7 Luxury brand———————————P 9 Ethical Fashion——————————–P 11 Footwear————————————-P 13 NEXT—————————————-P 16 Marks & Spencer——————————P 18 Jeffery West———————————- P 21 Tannery visit—————————— -P 23 References————————————P 25 Lookbook and range building:A lookbook is a collection of photographs to show a style, a model or a clothing line. It usually exists in fashion website and fashion bloggers. lookbook is like a fashion portfolio or fashion diaries, Fashion bloggers update their fashion look constantly online. It can be a record for blogger’s own fashion look and also a record for other people’s looks such as a celebrity, politician or socialite, it can be described as ‘artist portfolio’. Nowadays, lookbook is common for stores and clothing designers to use it to show off products. They include photos of multiple types of clothes, shoes and other accessories from a season or line.Examples of lookbook: LOOKBOOK. nu known as ‘LB’— the largest online community which established in 2008 dedicated to showcasing member-uploaded â€Å"street sty le† photography. Members post photos on LOOKBOOK. nu to document their evolving style or a collective gallery from other ‘lookbolggers’. Non-members can also draw their daily fashion style on LOOKBOOK. nu. The most popular looks will be displayed on the ‘Hot’ page. â€Å"LOOKBOOK. nu was created to bring together creative, interesting, and openminded fashion enthusiasts, and to democratically recognize the talents of real people around the world. (lookbook. nu 2011). In a sense, LOOKBOOK. nu is the world's first, truly editorless fashion magazine. Some lookbooks from fashion brand website: (LOVE. COM) (H;M. COM) Range building is usually mentioned with clothing line planning. They are important commercial functions in the fashion industry. The functions include making a good range, taking into account customers, competitors, price points, fabrics, core items and seasonal specials. They are also a key function of fashion merchandiser who may consult w ith designers and buyers depending on the business operating structure of a company.The first step of range building is to determine what clothes to manufacture. Ascertain if there is a market for your proposed product, and then be able to define your specialty, both in line and price category. The market for clothes is as varied as the demographic segmentation of the population, it focuses on gender (girls, boys, woman, men. ) and age (baby clothes, granny clothes). Also, consider creating clothes for infants, large women and pregnant woman. Further, design clothes for a specific niche market such as for sports enthusiasts and athletes. (Golfing apparel, tennis outfits or swimwear).Shop report: Shop report is one kind of report that introduces, describe and present stores and shopping opportunities in specific area. Firstly, a shop report should include a brief description of the area of choice and information about the local demographic. Provide detailed address, contact informati on and website, give direction that reader can find the shop. Secondly, it should explain what products the shop is selling. Identify whether it is handbags, leather goods or shoes. For example, write a detailed description of the goods in terms of colour, design, themes.Further, outlining the prices of products for the shop is necessary, but it is not a list of every items. Give an approximation like shoes in this shop vary between $99~$500. These three steps are the base of shop report. A detailed shop report also provides a comparison of shops analyzed. Compare their selection of brands, designers, quality of garments, styles, prices and overall customer base. For example, while one shop may have a larger selection of clothing compared to other shops, the quality may be better in the stores with smaller selections.If possible, make a table of contents at the beginning of the report let reader find information quickly. This is a shop report of Kaight which is a fashion boutique in New York. It gives detailed information about the designers and introduction of the products. Another website which is GLLTN. COM has a few detailed shop reports about London stores. Luxury brand: Luxury can be described as the great comfort and extravagant living or ‘an inessential’, desirable item that is expensive or difficult to obtain. It is a specific tier of offer in almost any product or service category.Luxury products are always being classical, special, fashionable, value. Being luxury products are usually due to their design, quality, branding exclusivity, durability or performance. Luxury goods plays a role of status symbols as it tend to signify the power of purchase of people who can obtain them. In other words, luxury products are displaying wealth or income of their owners. These kinds of goods are objects of conspicuous consumption include handbags, shoes, cosmetics, jewelry, clothing, vehicle, perfume, watch, holiday, large residences.The recent glob al sales of luxury goods: leather goods (33%), watch;jewlry (30%), perfume;other (27%), apparel (10%). Luxury brand is a heritage global brand that is focused on exclusive fashion and luxury goods which is expensive and coveted by consumers. It is another market characteristic of luxury goods which is high profit margins as well as prices, and very tightly controlled brands. For example, LVMH (Louis Vuitton Moet Hennessy) is the largest luxury good producer in the world with over 50 brands. In 2003, it made a profit of â‚ ¬2 billion on the sales of â‚ ¬12 billion.A few of luxury brands are classified as designer brand which is an established or rising major designer whose signature personality and associated with fashion. Such as Paul Smith, Vivienne Westwood, Prada, Giorgio Armani, Versace. There are some star designers like John Galliano who was head designer of French haute couture houses Givenchy in 1996 and Christian Dior now, and also his own self-titled fashion house. K arl Lagerfeld is a German fashion designer, artist and photographer. He is most notably as head designer and creative director for Chanel.John Paul Gaultier is a French haute couture fashion designer and the creative director of Hermes. Marc Jacobs who is an American fashion designer has been the creative director of the French design house Louis Vuitton since 1997. He won a number of awards and has his own brand called Marc Jacobs as well. Top 10 luxury markets are Japan, North American, London, France, China, Italy, Taiwan, German, Spain, Switzerland, and Brazil. Ethical Fashion: Ethical in business is usually defined as doing no harm, take an active role in poverty reduction, sustainable livelihood creation and counteracting environmental concerns.Ethical Fashion is an umbrella term to describe ethical fashion design, production, retail, and purchasing. It covers a range of issues such as working conditions, exploitation, fair trade, sustainable production, the environment, and a nimal welfare. According to EFF. COM (2010), ethical fashion is an approach to the design, sourcing and manufacture of clothing which maximizes benefits to people while minimizing impact on the environment. The triple bottom lines of sustainability are social, environmental and commercial. A business or initiative is not ethical and sustainable unless the triple bottom line is integrated.Social: â€Å"Increasing the capacity and wellbeing of the people and communities behind fashion. Any fashion business depends on the people behind it. In a broader context, poverty and exploitation of the human workforce behind fashion affects the stability of the industry itself. † (EFF 2010) Environmental: play some action to reducing the environmental impact of all business operations. Such as awareness raising , investment in and support of environmental initiatives. Commercial: without a strong financial business structure, none of the above can be achieved and good intentions can backf ire.Furthermore, a sustainable approach includes quality products or services that meet customers’ needs and are fairly marketed. The Ethical Fashion Forum has created a set of 10 criteria for ethical fashion: 1. Countering fast, cheap fashion and damaging patterns of fashion consumption 2. Defending fair wages, working conditions and workers’ rights 3. Supporting sustainable livelihoods 4. Addressing toxic pesticide and chemical use 5. Using and /or developing eco- friendly fabrics and components 6. Minimizing water use. 7. Recycling and addressing energy efficiency and waste 8. Developing or promoting sustainability standards for fashion 9.Resources, training and/ or awareness raising initiatives 10. Animal rights Case about ethical fashion: In Germany, a boom in sustainable fashion is expected these years. Although the market is still small, it is growing steadily. More than 200 fashion labels and 30concept stores are now dedicated to sustainability. Ethical fashion events are attracting an increasing number of visitors to Germany. Also, in October 2011, Universities in Germany opened first master degree course called â€Å"Sustainability in fashion†. Footwear: Footwear is included in garments, it is apparel worn on the feet. Footwear is a key element of fashion and adornment.It has been designed to meet people’s real and perceived needs-protection, support, comfort, sturdiness, and stylishness. According to Drummond (2000), From over 15,000 years ago, there were some draws which made by Spanish cave show humans with animals skin or furs wrapped around their feet. So, shoes in some form or another have been existed for a long time. From the sandal to modern athletic shoes, the evolution of footwear is marvels of engineering. Even today, footwear industries continue to developing and find new materials to cover our feet. Materials of footwear: Leather PlasticRubber Textiles Wood Jute, Metal The Anatomy of a Shoe (footwearhistory. com): Breast: the front of the heel under the arch. Cap: the toecap. Counter: overlaid piece at the back of the upper. Feather: the part of the last and the shoe where the upper edge meets the sole. Insole: a piece of leather or other material between the sole and the foot. Puff: a light reinforcing inside the upper which gives the toe its shape and support. Quarter: the part of the back of the upper, which covers the heel. Seat: the concave part of the heel that fits into the shoe and into which the heel of the foot sits.Shank: a piece of metal inserted between the sole and the insole lying against the arch of the foot. Sole: the piece of leather or other material that comes in contact with the ground. Stiffener: the inside stiffening of the upper, covering the heel and giving the back of the shoe support. Throat: the front of the vamp. Top Piece: the part of the heel that comes in contact with the ground. Topline: the top edge of the upper. Upper: the piece of the shoe that covers the foot. Vamp: the part of the upper that covers the front of the foot as far as the back as the joint of the big toe.Waist: the part of the last and the shoe that corresponds to the arch and instep of the foot. Famous brands of footwear: NEXT: The NEXT was founded in 1982 by J Hepworth. Their first store was selling women fashion garments which include clothes, shoes and accessories. Nowadays, NEXT is the UK leading brand and owns more than 500 stores in the UK and 200 stores in oversea countries. Recent years, NEXT opened a few larger format fashion and home stores across the UK. The first combined fashion, home and garden store has been opened at Shoreham-by-sea in August 2011. It also means the product range of NEXT is wider than before.Its product range includes apparel of woman, men and children, homeware, electrical, grader accessories now. NEXT launched products for men in 1984, after 4 months there are 52 menswear stores. The home interiors was established in 1985 and chi ldrenswear was added in 1987. Thus NEXT became a full-line lifestyle brand in a short time. The NEXT directory which is a new standard home shopping was launched in 1988. It is a seasonal catalogues of their products with fantastic photography. In 1999, NEXT became pioneer of online shopping as it created online version at www. Next. co. uk.Since 2011, NEXT’s standard of delivery has became next day on most home shopping orders, about 80% customers is trading online. In 2001, NEXT flowers which is selling plants, flowers, gift cards, wine;champagne. In 2008, NEXT acquires the younger women’s fashion brand which is Lipsy. Recently, NEXT has been appointed as official clothing and homewear supplier to the London 2012 Olympic Games. NEXT will supplies uniforms for 4,500 technical officials and suits for reception staff and also home textiles for the athlete’s village. John Barton has become the chairman of the board of NEXT Plc since 2006.He became a member of the board in 2002 and was appointed deputy chairman in 2004. Other board members are Lord Wolfson of Aspley Guise (Chief Executive), Christos Angelides (Group Product Director), David Keens (Group Finance Director), Andrew Varley (Group Property Director). Independent non-executive directors are Jonathan Dawson, Steve Barber, Christine Cross, Francis Salway. NEXT still continues to improve their customer service. In addition, NEXT has preparing has operations in Hong Kong, Sri Lanka and India and the UK engaged in the design, sourcing, buying, merchandising and quality control of NEXT products.Marks ; Spencer: Marks ; Spencer is also known as M;S which is a British leading retailer. M;S started from a market stall in 1884 by Michael Marks and Thomas Spencer in Leeds. Now, its retailer headquartered in the city of Westminster, London. M;S owns over 700 stores in the UK and over 300 stores across more than 40 countries, over 78,000 people employed by M;S in the UK and abroad. M;S offer hi gh quality fashion clothing and home products, as well as luxury food products. When Michael Marks came to England from Slonim, he opened his first penny bazaar in Leeds.Michael wanted to look for a partner to help his growing business. He reminded of Isaac Jowitt Dewhirst who lent money to Michael towards his start up costs. Isaac rejected Michael’s request, but he recommended his cashier who was Tom Spencer. After Tom’s agreement, Marks ; Spencer was born on 28 September. In the next few years, Michael Marks and Tom Spencer opened market stalls in many locations around the North West of England and moved the original Leeds penny bazaar to Manchester. In 1901, Marks ; Spencer built a warehouse at Derby Street, Manchester.It is the first property and company’s first registered address and it was also ready for having 145 stores by 1915. In 1920s, underwear first appeared in Marks ; Spencer, bra has become M;S most iconic product. Flagship store was opened at Lon don, Records and electrical household goods were started selling in 1930s. Further, a food department was introduced selling produce and canned foods in 1931. Cafe bar was introduced in 1935. In 1940s, M;S created utility clothing, which could be brightly pattered but was very simple in design.The food technology department was established to collaborate with supplier and by 1942 it had created 82 Cafe bars in store. In 1950s, â€Å"We were not complaining when glamour came bouncing back. It was a time for looking forward†. (M;S) Fashion finally had the chance to rebel against the harsh conditions of the war years. A new style of dress was created base on the ‘Corolle’ collection by Christian Dior. It also improved the fit of clothing, such as nylon stockings. In 1956, M;S became the first retailer to introduce No Smoking rules in their stores.During 1960s, M;S created a number of modern new items. Tights were introduced to M;S for the first time in 1962. New pro ducts made from the man-made fabric terylene which is a type of polyester, it was very popular because it was so practical and hardwearing. In order to sell fresh products to customers, M;S invented the â€Å"cold-chain† process, to keep meat chilled and fresh. Therefore, M;S was the first major British retailer to offer fresh, chilled chicken. .In the early 1970s, frozen food became more and more popular.M;S developed our nation cuisine because it was the first major retailer selling Indian and Chinese meals. On the other hand, â€Å"From the mid-1970s suppliers slowly became more involved in design. †(M;S), the products were designed by Brian Godbold, and it leaded the fashion trends. First range of furniture was introduced in 1986. M;S launched an online shopping service in 1999. The limited collection for woman was launched in 2003. M;S announced the opening of the world's largest M&S shop at Dubai Festival City in 2007. M&S opened its first mainland China shop in Shanghai in 2008.More than 125 years, Marks & Spencer never change their five key principles Quality, Value, Service, Innovation and Trust. As well as, the five key principles is reflected by â€Å"plan A† that target climate change, waste, sustainable raw materials, fair partnerships and health. Jeffery West: Jeffery West is a British shoes brand which created by Mark Jeffery and Guy West. Jeffery West began in 1983 when Mark Jeffery and Guy West decided to selling second-hand shoes which were reject products and samples from the shoe factory of Mark’s father. In 1987, the first Jeffery West shoe was designed.They were designing and selling their own shoes at markets in Northamptonshire and London, although they were just 16 years old. Jeffery West has earned a loyal following by unique, innovative designs and superior quality. Jeffery West produces men’s shoes and men’s accessories are suitable for the modern gentleman. â€Å"Jeffery West shoes and Jef fery West boots merge both classic rich designs with modern sophistication and elegance† (Mr-shoes. co. uk 2010) â€Å"Jeffery West uses laborious techniques such as hand burnished uppers and Goodyear welted soles, to create edgy, luxurious shoes for the true modern dandy. (asos. co. uk. 2012) The company’s aim is to produce passionate designs consistently and high attention to detail and commitment to originality that make sure each shoe is special. While many footwear manufactures are cutting corners with mass production and produce the same trite designs, Jeffery West remains committed to hand-making, artful adornment and exclusive style. Jeffery West in Northampton. Tannery visit: Tannery is the term for place where to tanning. Tanning is the process of treating skins of animals and produce durable leather. Traditionally, Tanning used an acidic chemical compound called tannin.Coloring may occur during tanning. In addition, â€Å"A tannery may be associated with a grindery, originally a whetstone facility for sharpening knives and other sharp tools, but later could carry shoemakers' tools and materials for sale. † (Possehl, Gregory L. 1996) Before tanning, the skins should be â€Å"defresh† that include unhaired, degreased, desalted and soaked in water about 6 hours to 48 hours. Tanning can be performed with either vegetable or mineral methods. Except drying, the steps of preparation are often more complex than the process of tanning and production of leather.Curing is the most first step of tanning. Preparing skins begins by curing them with salt, curing removes superfluous water from hides in a different osmotic pressure and usually done by preserving the hides at an extreme low temperature. Beamhouse operations are known as the steps in the production of leather between curing and tanning, which include soaking, liming, unhairing and scudding, deliming, bating, drenching, and picking. Vegetable tanning is a traditional method that uses tannin (an acidic chemical compound). Tannin is collected from bark and leaves of many plants. Tannins bind to the collagen proteins in the hide and coat them causing them to become less water-soluble, and more resistant to bacterial attack. †(Fao. org 2005) Vegetable tanning causes the hide become more flexible so that vegetable tanned hide is used for luggage and furniture. The process of vegetable tanning takes a long time and it can take up to 60 days. Today, the process has been speeded up with chrome tanning (mineral tanning). Chrome tanning usually only taking up to 1 day and produces stretchable leather which is great for use in handbags and clothes. But chrome tanning is very bad for the environment.References: Lookbook. com. (2011). lookbook. nu help. Available: http://lookbook. nu/help. Last accessed 5th May 2012 Fulbright J. (2012). Starting a Clothing Line Business . Available: http://www. powerhomebiz. com/vol66/clothing. htm. Last accessed 5th May 2012 . Glltn. com. (2006). LONDON SHOP REPORT. Available: http://glltn. com/london-shop-report/. Last accessed 5th May 2012 Heine K. (2011). The Concept of Luxury Brands . Available: http://www. conceptofluxurybrands. com/. Last accessed 5th May 2012. Ethicalfashionforum. com. (2010). What is Ethical Fashion?. Available: http://www. ethicalfashionforum. om/the-issues/ethical-fashion. Last accessed 5th Freitag A. (2012). Germany's ‘green' fashion market . Available: http://source. ethicalfashionforum. com/article/germanys-green-fashion-market-. Last accessed 5th May 2012. Apma. org. (2012). Footwear. Available: http://www. apma. org/MainMenu/Foot-Health/Brochures/Learn-About-Your-Feet/Footwear. aspx. Last accessed 5th May 2012. Footwearhistory. com. (2002). History of footwear. Available: http://www. footwearhistory. com/index. shtml. Last accessed 5th May 2012. ShoeGuide. Org . (2006). a footwear encyclopedia. Available: http://www. shoeguide. rg/. Last accessed 5th May 2012 Nextpl c. co. uk. (2012). Business overview. Available: http://www. nextplc. co. uk/about-next/business-overview. aspx. Last accessed 5th May 2012 Marksandspencer. com. (2012). M&S historytimeline. Available: http://www. marksintime. marksandspencer. com/ms-history/timeline/. Last accessed 5th May 2012. Marksandspencer. com. (2012). Company overview. Available: http://corporate. marksandspencer. com/aboutus/company_overview. Last accessed 5th May 2012. Adams G. (2012). About Jeffery West. Available: http://www. jeffery-west. co. uk/jefferywest/about. sp. Last accessed 5th May 2012 freewebs. com. (2006). Tannery . Available: http://www. freewebs. com/whitwellhall/tanneryhistory. htm. Last accessed 5th May 2012 fao. org. (2010). TANNERIES. Available: http://www. fao. org/WAIRDOCS/LEAD/X6114E/x6114e05. htm#TopOfPage. Last accessed 5th May 2012 squidoo. com. (2011). Chrome VS Vegetable Tanned Leather . Available: http://www. squidoo. com/chrome-versus-vegetable-tanned-leather. Last accessed 5t h May 2012 Possehl, Gregory L. (1996). Mehrgarh in Oxford Companion to Archaeology, edited by Brian Fagan. Oxford University Press Images from:

Legacy of the Kazakh Khanate in the Political Culture and Traditions

In 1991 year new state the Republic of Kazakhstan is appeared on the map. The history and culture of Kazakhstan is numbered a thousand years. One of the important issues is about aboriginal population’s origin, formation and origins of its nationality, development of culture and cultural traditions, relationships with other civilizations. Applying for written sources we can verify that Kazakhs khanate had been formed to 1470 when on the territory of Kazakhstan in south-eastern regions Semirechye and in vales of Chu Kazakh sultans Dzhanibek and Girey could head the numerous tribes, which had been jointed in tribe named â€Å"Kazakh†, ‘Kazakhs†.At the beginning of XVI century in the time of Kasymkhan the Kazakh khanate was strengthened, its borders were widened, syrdarya towns Turkestan, Otyrar, Sayram, Sauran, Syganak, Suzak and Chimkent were part of Kazakh khanate . Kazakhstan becomes known in Asia and Europe. The XVI century is an important milestone in the history of Moslem world from which the new time reckoning is began. The distinguished east scientist V. V. Bartold wrote  « In the new history of Moslem in contrast to rapid change of dynasties and powers? olitical instability, states small dimensions and that’s why lack of any whatsoever patriotism, now we can see the countries establishing there. We see the Moslem power of Great Mongols in India, then Turkey, Persia †¦ † Approximately at that time Kazakh, Yarkend khanates had been appeared in Central Asia. The Turkic Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Kyrgyz, Kara-kalpaks were announced on the historic scene. When the last khan Taukekhan died, the power had deputed to the number of steppe khans and each of them was at the head of separate groups of Kazakhs and the territories Kazakh khanate existed up to 1716.At that time the process of disintegration and decay had began and the end of this process the state was being included in Russian empire. The ethnicon of â€Å"Kazakhâ⠂¬  given the name of state is Turkic word. It is generally agreed that it means â€Å"free man† Kazakhs were very hardworking nomads and farmers, have had the great fat herd, rich pastures, and fertile lands on sub mountain and vales of rivers. But telling about Kazakhs and the first Kazakh nation it is necessary to know that origin of that nation as its culture and statehood dated from centuries. Bibliography: http://www. toptravel. ru/bgkkfl2. htm http://kazakhstan. awd. z Turkic roots of Kazakh political culture and traditions Kazakhstan has a rich past. Its geographical and geopolitical position has played a vital role in promoting the country’s development. Located in the center of Eurasia, Kazakhstan has long found itself at the crossroads of the world’s most ancient civilizations and trade routes. It has been a land of social, economic and cultural exchange between East and West, North and South, and between the major players in Eurasia. At different st ages of its history, various states emerged and developed in the land which became today’s Kazakhstan. All contributed to Kazakh culture.In later centuries, the steppes were home to a powerful state formed by the Huns. Their empire greatly influenced the geopolitical map of that time. The Great Roman Empire in Europe eventually fell from the blows of the Attila the Hun’s daring warriors. Later, the Huns were replaced on the steppes by Turkic tribes. They founded several large states known as â€Å"kaganats† stretching from the Yellow Sea in the East to the Black Sea in the West. These states were distinguished by a culture progressive for that time. They were based not only on a nomadic economy but also on an oasis urban culture with rich trade and handicraft traditions.During this time, cities and caravanserais were founded in the oases of Central Asia, the territory of South Kazakhstan and Central Asia. They stood along the famous trade route known as the Grea t Silk Road which connecting Europe and China. Other trade routes were also important including the route along the Syr Dariya River to the Aral Sea and the South Urals as well the so called â€Å"Sable Road† from South Western regions of Siberia through Central Kazakhstan and the Altai region. It was through trade on the â€Å"Sable Road† that the Middle East and Europe were supplied with expensive furs.Major cities and trade centers founded on these routes included Otrar (Farab), Taraz, Kulan, Yassy (Turkestan), Sauran, and Balasagun. The Great Silk Road not only stimulated the development of trade, it also became a conduit for progressive scientific and cultural ideas. For example, the great philosopher Al-Farabi (870-950) was greatly influenced by the culture of the trade routes. Born in the Farab district, Al-Farabi was dubbed in the East â€Å"the Second Teacher† after Aristotle for his profound researches in philosophy, astronomy, musical theory and mathe matics.The outstanding scholar of Turkic philology Mahmud Kashgari lived here in the 11th century. He created the three-volume â€Å"Dictionary of Turkic Dialects† which summed up Turkic folklore and literature heritages. In the 11th Century, Yusup Balasaguni of the town of Balasagun, a famous poet and philosopher, wrote â€Å"Kutaglu Bilig† (â€Å"A Knowledge that Brings Happiness†) which is recognized as having played an important role in the development of modern social, political and ethical conceptions. The Sufi poet Hodja Ahmet Yassaui, who lived in the 12th century, wrote a collection of poetic thoughts â€Å"Divan-i-Khikmet† (â€Å"Book of Wisdom†).He is famous throughout the Muslim world. Part of the cultural legacy of that period is the elegant urban architecture. Examples such as the mausoleums of Arystan Baba, of the great Sufi Hodja Akhmet Yassaui in Turkestan and Aisha Bibi in Taraz are among the best preserved. Apart from this, the m ost ancient nomads of the region invented the â€Å"yurt†, a dome-shaped easily dismantled and portable house made from wood and felt, ideal for their nomadic life and beliefs. In 1221, Mongolian tribes of Genghis Khan conquered Central Asia and added their culture and values to the increasingly complex society of the region.By the second half of the 15th Century a process of consolidation had begun among the peoples of the Central Asian steppe. This process, derived from the various ethnic and cultural identities, was drawn together by a common world view and lifestyle. The first Kazakh khanates emerged at this time. By the first half of the 16th Century, the formation of a single Kazakh nation was completed. The word â€Å"Kazakh† in the old Turkic language meant â€Å"free† or â€Å"independent† which perfectly fit the character of the people who had been long yearning for their own independent state.In the 17th and 18th Centuries the nomadic Jungar tr ibes directed by the Chinese Bogdykhans started a large scale war against the Kazakh khanate. However, thanks to the courage of the â€Å"batyrs† (knights), the decisiveness of the Kazakh leader Ablai Khan, the diplomatic skills of the Kazakh ‘biys’ (sages) Tole Bi, Kazdausty Kazybek Bi, Aiteke Bi, and self sacrifice of the people, the Kazakhs escaped total capture and physical annihilation. The Kazakh khans were forced to seek the military protection of the Russian Empire, which eventually led to Kazakhstan’s loss of sovereignty in 1871. For a time, the fate of Kazakhstan was tied to theEuropean model of social development and the fate of the Russian State and its peoples. After the 1917 revolution Soviet power was established in Kazakhstan. Kazakhs suffered greatly under Soviet control. Due to the forced collectivization in the 1930s, hunger caused the death of 1. 5 million Kazakhs, which was more than 40 percent of the nation. Hundreds of thousands Kaza khs fled to China and elsewhere. The brightest and the best of the nation were repressed and often shot dead. The regime’s last gasp was the brutal repression of the Kazakh people on December 17, 1986 as they took to the streets seeking justice.Many consider this the beginning of the end for the once mighty Soviet Union. Kazakhstan proclaimed its independence on December 16, 1991, and Nursultan Nazarbayev was democratically elected the first President of the country. Bibliography: Kiessling, Kerstin Lindahl. â€Å"Conference on the Aral Sea: Women, Children, Health and Environment. † Ambio Vol. 27, No. 7 (November, 1998): 560-564. Weiner, Douglas. A Little Corner of Freedom: Russian Nature Protection from Stalin to Gorbachev. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2002.Soviet transformation of Kazakh society and legacy in political culture and traditions Arguably the most drastic economic policy employed by Marxist-fashioned governments and the Soviet Union was that of agricultural and industrial collectivization. Forcing local Soviets to develop state-controlled farms and industrial construction projects, the Soviet collectivization programs generally had two overarching purposes: the ideological liberation of the Soviet orbit from class antagonisms and the concupiscent parasitism of â€Å"kulak† banditry, and the economic attainment of a fiscally self-sufficient Marxist society.Soviet republics endured two major phases of collectivization that yielded both beneficial and catastrophic effects. The Stalin government (1922-53) initiated collectivization projects as a means to cultivate â€Å"socialism in one country,† with an industrialized war machine and a well-fed population completely free of the capitalist approach. As the Comintern and NATO plunged into the Cold War, the Khrushchev government (1953-64) reimposed agricultural collectivization with the so-called â€Å"VirginLands Program† specifically with the inten t of freeing the USSR from humiliating dependency on Western capitalist food imports. Soviet collectivization made possible economic and industrial achievements that would otherwise have been impossible. However, the blatant accomplishments of collectivization came at a tremendous price, directly creating some of the most horrendous human and environmental catastrophes of the twentieth century.In both phases of Soviet collectivization, the people of Kazakhstan endured by far the worst of these disasters, suffering man-made famines and starvation, irreparable environmental desiccation, the eventual transformation of the entire Aral Sea to saline ruin, mass exodus and displacement, and astronomical casualty. Even worse, the second phase of collectivization (the Virgin Lands Campaign) only exacerbated the irrecoverable environmental tragedies of the first phase.These disasters are entirely derived from the legacy of collectivization. 1 Despite the Soviets' ideological insistence on the benefits of collectivization programs in Kazakhstan, the Kazakh people experienced far greater suffering and calamity than they profited, and are still struggling to recover from the ecological consequences even today. It must be acknowledged that the Soviet Union never intended to directly inflict any physical catastrophe on the Soviet republics or the Kazakh people.It must also be readily emphasized that the Soviet collectivization policy eventually contributed to undeniable industrial, political, cultural, and employment achievements, which transformed tribal Kazakhstan into a modern republic and an exporter of anything from steel, to cotton, to Snow Queen ® vodka. But the price that the Kazakh people were forced to pay was far too high. Both phases of collectivization have inflicted an indelible legacy of agricultural ruin, economic depression, physical ailment, and environmental catastrophe that far outweigh the benefits of the forced proletarian liberation brought by the So viet Union.Unfortunate for the Kazakhs, the tragic legacy of calamitous Soviet agro-economic policy did not fall with the Berlin Wall, and it may require centuries to recover Stalin's first phase of Soviet collectivization represents easily the worst physical and environmental nadir of Kazakh history. The collectivization initiative began almost immediately after the final incorporation of the Kazakh tribes and polities into the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR) in 1936.The agricultural potential of the fertile and pristine Kazakh steppe was perceived as an invaluable source of tremendous collective output for the state. As in the other, recently â€Å"liberated† peoples newly incorporated into the USSR, those Kazakhs that were fully absorbed into Soviet society through forced collectivization would eventually enjoy significant benefits that would have otherwise been impossible for the semi-nomadic Kazakhs, such as theoretically near-universal literacy and employment, th e development of urbanized cities and transportation systems, health care, job security, and sustenance.Although the majority of these benefits owe themselves to Soviet policy rather than collectivization itself, these accomplishments must be weighed with the tragic consequences if we are to conclude that collectivization had an overall negative effect on Kazakh society.Bibliography: CNN. com. â€Å"Athrax ‘time bomb' ticking in Aral Sea, researchers say. † CNN. http://www. cnn. com/WORLD/asiapcf/9906/21/anthrax. island/ Conquest, Robert. The Harvest of Sorrow. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987. Krech, Shepard, John Robert McNeill, and Carolyn Merchant. Encyclopedia of World Environmental History: A-E. New York: Routeledge Press, 2004.

My Left Footby Christy Browns, Its a breif description of the themes in my left foot.

My Left Footby Christy Browns, Its a breif description of the themes in my left foot. The Themes of My Left FootCerebral Palsy"When I hear somebody sigh, 'Life is hard,' I am always tempted to ask, 'Compared to what?'"-Sydney HarrisOne of the themes in My Left Foot is Christy Brown's struggles with Cerebral Palsy. Cerebral Palsy is a disease that is caused from birth. Premature babies are most at risk for the disease, and most that are born with it do not cry in the first five minutes of birth unlike normal babies. The cause of the disease is still unknown like many "birth defects." The mother and father of the baby often feel guilty for the baby's condition, but the truth is that it still often occurs even when the mother has strictly followed her physician's advice in caring for herself and the developing infant. The disease disrupts bodily functions and the symptoms may vary. Many subjects are unable to speak but their brains are fully functional and therefore are trapped in their own world, unable to express their feelings or thoughts.In the book the doctors told Christy's mother that he would never be able to communicate and would be a "vegetable" the rest of his life. Unlike a lot of patients with the same illness Christy with a lot of determination turned his life around. He learned to express himself through writing and painting, doing this only with the use of his left foot. Christy's story makes you look twice at your problems and reassess your life.Inspiration"A man should not strive to eliminate his complexes but to get into accord with them: they are legitimately what directs his conduct in the world."-Sigmund FreudWith the mass flow of books, movies, and media in the modern world it is hard to find a great book or movie.

BookBaby Review Read This First (+ Promo Codes!)

BookBaby Review Read This First (+ Promo Codes!) BookBaby Review: Read This First (Plus Promo Codes!) If you’re planning to self-publish a book, you probably already know all the biggest names in the game: KDP, IngramSpark, Lulu, and of course, BookBaby. You can read about the pros and cons of each of these companies in the posts linked above, but this review will focus exclusively on the latter. We’ll first cover what BookBaby is and how to use it, then lead into the relative merits - and potential stumbling blocks - of using it to self-publish your book. BookBaby review: what you need to know in 2019 What is BookBaby?BookBaby is a platform for self-publishing authors that includes editing, design, and marketing services, as well as distribution packages for both ebooks and print books. Over the past couple years, it’s become one of the most high-profile print-on-demand (POD) companies for authors, and continues to be a popular choice in 2019.Five fast facts about BookBaby:Founded in 2011 in Portland, Oregon ☔President and CEO is Steven Spatz, who’s written two books on publishing ðŸ“â€"Approximately 8,000 users in 2018 (though not all have published a book) 👠ªDistributes through Amazon, Kobo, Apple Books, Barnes Noble, and other major retailers in over 170 countries ðŸÅ'ŽHosts an annual Independent Authors Conference in Philadelphia, with workshops and panels from industry experts âÅ" Packages and servicesBookBaby offers a number of packages and individual services for self-publishing authors. We’ll break down the main ones for you here , but you can check out the full list on their website.â€Å"The Complete Self-Publishing Package† - $1,699BookBaby’s most popular package, according to the site. The Complete Self-Publishing Package includes cover design and formatting, ebook conversion, 25 print books, an ISBN number, worldwide distribution, a professional Facebook ad campaign, and a listing in the BookBaby online store (which allows you to sell directly to readers). Note that editing services are not included, however - nor any kind of discount if you wish to print more than 25 books, which is a serious drawback for authors printing in bulk.Printed Book Distribution - $299 + cost of bulk printing orderAlready have your manuscript and cover prepared? Then you’ll want to go with the printed book distribution package, which uses BookBaby’s POD service. This allows you to choose from various aesthetic options, order high-quality print copies, and sell your book all over the world.But ke ep in mind that the $299 charge is on top of your actual print order. For reference, 100 copies of a 300-page book will set you back $861 (and that’s without shipping!). Add the POD fee and your total comes to $1,160 for this particular package.So what does that $299 fetch you? The answer is distribution: again, BookBaby has an extensive distribution network, which includes every major retailer in the world. That said, you can get more bang for your buck from other POD services - like IngramSpark, which cuts out the distribution â€Å"middleman† that makes other platforms' fee so high. Basically, if you want to sell a large quantity of books, make sure you know your options.Ebook Conversion and Distribution - $249Alternatively, if you don’t want to print any books, you can opt for the ebook conversion and distribution package instead. Though BookBaby plays up its file conversion service and quality checks by â€Å"content conversion specialists,† youâ⠂¬â„¢re mainly paying for the distribution once again: as with the print package, your ebook will be sold in 60+ stores in over 170 countries.Copy and Line Editing - $7-10 per pageNow let’s talk individual services. For copy editing, BookBaby charges $7/page, while line editing is $10/page. Putting that in perspective, a copy edit for a 300-page book would be $2,100, and a line edit would be $3,000 - slightly higher than the average Reedsy estimates. Their site does promise rapid turnaround times at these prices: 8-10 business days for a full line edit, and just 6-8 days for a line edit. However, keep in mind that speed doesn’t necessarily beget quality, especially when it comes to editing.Book Cover Design - $399-549BookBaby also touts its cover design services, which come in two modes: â€Å"Basic† and â€Å"Deluxe.† The Basic design package costs $399 and includes, well, a basic cover design - a single, central image with fairly standard text. The Deluxe package, on the other hand, involves more sophisticated imagery and text for the higher price of $549. You can see the difference between the Basic and Deluxe options in the images below. So what’s the bottom line?BookBaby is a good option for authors who:  Want an easy-to-use interface and a bit of hand-holding through the process;Don’t mind paying a high price for bulk orders + distribution; and/orOnly want to print a small quantity of books.BookBaby is not a good option for authors who:Plan to print and distribute more than 25 books;Want to self-publish and distribute an ebook; and/orRequire additional services such as editing, typesetting, marketing, etc. - you can find a better deal elsewhere.BookBaby promo codesBookBaby might be tough on your wallet, but if you’re sold on their POD service, then you’re in luck! Here are two promo codes you can use to save on bulk orders, PLUS a coupon for free shipping. However you choose to publish, we hope the final product looks fantastic. 💠¯Enter the code SAVE100 at checkout to save $100 on 100 books or more.Enter the code PUBLISH100 at checkout to save $500 on 500 books or more.Finally, enter the code FREESHIPBB for free shipping on 25 books or more.Got any more questions about BookBaby? Feel free to leave them in the comments!

Homeless Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Homeless - Assignment Example Homeless population experiences enormous challenges in both access and care relative to utilization of health care. Paraphrasing and citing is an exciting experience, but one that is characterized by a number of challenges. One of the critical challenges is trying to merge the author’s point of view with personal understanding of the text. The paraphrase must be consistent with the information that the author is trying to relay. Another challenge is expressing what is understood from the text without losing the intended meaning of presented theories and concepts. The articulation of these aspects and subsequently citing them constitutes the highlighted challenges. To overcome the above challenges, it is important that one reads and understands the text before paraphrasing and citing the text. Doing so will ensure that the most critical points are captured and cited appropriately. Taking some time to view text reviews and use of text information in other sources can effectively aid and enhance the paraphrasing and citing experience. Consequently, the underlying challenges are

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 114

Summary - Essay Example According to Kasongo (2012), they were factors that led to the African scramble of which were economic, social, political, and religious. One dominant factor that Kasongo believes and addresses is that the colonization was the most significant factor. Colonization was the heart and soul of the African scramble; this is because Africa had many valuable resources that were vital to the European countries. The resources proved essential as a solution for European nation to recovery from the great depression (p. 196). The political and social motives were intertwined. Regarding Political motives, European nations sought to expand their territories, which was a viewed as a sign of power (Kasongo 197). Countries such as Britain used territories to decongest the United Kingdom, and it allowed the British immigrants to start a new life and sustain their families. These social motives allowed European countries to develop their territories according to their objectives (that related to their political motives). Through resettlement into the territories, the European countries used religion to improve the lifestyles of native African (Kasongo 198). In addition, the Europeans as a way of giving back and enriching the African population used religion. In conclusion, these elements illustrate the impact of the European countries during the scramble in Africa. Kasongo, Michael. â€Å"European Expansion and the Scramble for Africa.† (Re) Tracing Africa: A Multi-Disciplinary Study of African History, Societies, and Cultures. Eds. Salome Nnoromele and Ogechi Anyanwu. Dubuque: Kendell Hunt, 2012. 195-207.