1984 First Five Chapters Summary Essay

Readers are introduced to Winston Smith, his living situation which although called Victory Mansion is not lavish; it is a run-down apartment complex. Readers are also introduced to Big Brother, the government’s authority figure and figurehead for the Party. The telescreen always watches its Party Members, looking for traitors among them. Winston brings out a journal, out of view of the telescreen, because it is considered an act of rebellion against the Party. He writes about the films the Party makes, the dark-haired girl from work and O’Brien, someone he believes is against the Party. Winston believes the Thought Police will knock at his door, but it turns out to be Mrs. Parsons, his neighbor. Winston helps her with the Parsons’ plumbing and her children accuse him of thoughtcrime. Her children are upset that they couldn’t go see the public hanging. He goes back to his apartment and hides the journal. Winston then dreams of his mother and a sinking ship that he feels responsible for. He then dreams of a Utopia free from the Party where he is with the dark-haired girl from work. He wakes up to a whistle for the â€Å"Physical Jerks†, the Party’s regulated physical exercise. Winston is yelled at from the telescreen by the exercise manager. After the â€Å"Physical Jerks† Winston goes to work at the Ministry of Truth where he updates Big Brother’s orders and Party Records so what Big Brother says is always true. He makes up a story about a fictional person, Comrade Ogilvy, as a ideal Party Man who died. Winston then meets up with Syme, another Party member who revises the Newspeak dictionary. Syme talks about the aime of Newspeak is to erase words. Winston knows the Syme will be vaporized because he is too intelligent. Parsons, Winston’s neighbor, visits Winston to get their apartment’s dues. Parsons laughs about how his children treated Winston the previous day. The Ministry of Plenty announces an increase in production but Winston knows the increase is actually a lie. Winston believes he is being watched by the dark-haired girl, who he thinks is a Party agent. Chapter 1-5 Responses 1. I like Winston so far even though he seems very weak, which is just a result of the Party’s oppression. The Party seems to be everywhere, impacting everyone. 3. The movie, The Truman Show, is based off of the movie 1984 in the way that someone is controlling and watching over the protagonists lives. They have no privacy or choices. 6. I was very surprised that the exercise manager called out to Winston. Up until that point I believed the Party always watching was a scam to making people follow the Party. 7. I would like the next chapter to develop into Winston investigating the Party and trying to rebel more against them.

Research Project Essay

Introduction The purpose of this study is to investigate the extent to which the strategies employed by Nandos in the recent recession have been effective. For the topic to be extensively researched, the research proposal has been split in to the following objectives. * Identifying the customer base of Nandos. * Investigating if and how the recession affected Nandos. * Analysing strategies used by Nandos in the recession. An investigation of Nandos’ performance since and during the recession will need to be undertaken. This would need to be compared to its performance prior to the recession in order to investigate the effect of the recession on Nandos. Firstly, the proposal will first carry out an in depth literature review to investigate relevant theories and information related to the research objectives outlined above. Building on the findings of the literature review, the research design and strategies will be formed to investigate each of the above objectives. During the course of this study, ethical and practical issues in relation to the research altogether will also be considered. Nandos founded in 1987 is a casual dining restaurant with a Portuguese theme. It originated from South Africa and is now operating in 30 countries on 5 continents. It specializes in chicken dishes with different souses such as lemon and herb, medium, hot or extra hot Peri-Peri. In some countries, they also offer other flavor options like mango and lime, lemon and herb, or Mediterranean (Nandos 2009, p.4) The restaurant began in 1987 when Robert Brozin and Fernando Duarte bought a restaurant called â€Å"Chickenland† in Rosettenville, Southern Johannesburg. They renamed the restaurant Nandos after Duarte. The restaurant incorporated influences from former Portuguese colonists from Mozambique, many of whom had settled on the south-eastern side of Johannesburg, after their homeland’s independence in 1975. (Nandos 2009, p.4) Nandos is famous for its flame-grilled Peri-Peri chicken which is served either in quarters, halves and wholes. It also serves burgers, pitas, salads, wings and wraps. In some countries, Nandos sells chicken livers, Espetada and the Cataplana. (Nandos 2009, p.2) Nandos also manufactures a range of sauces which are sold in Nandos restaurants and in supermarkets.  These include Peri-Peri sauces, marinades, cooking sauces and a Peri-Peri Essence. (Nandos 2009, p.2) In 1992 Nandos entered the United Kingdom’s restaurant industry with its first restaurant in Ealing, London and now is operating with its several branches around UK. In 2009 Nandos UK was awarded Three Stars in the Best Companies Annual Accreditation Awards becoming the only entrant in the large companies’ category to achieve the three star rating. (Harmer, 2010) Literature Review Customer Base According to Edwards (2010) customer base of an organisation includes all the customers that organisation servers. One of the most important ways to establish a successful business is to build a solid base of customers who stick with the business through thick and thin. A solid customer base becomes the foundation on which a business grows. Business Cycle Business Cycle is defined as a cycle of series of different phases of contraction and expansion of real GDP. A complete business cycle consists of five different phases and every country has to go through each phase in order to achieve its peak. A complete business cycle from peak to peak is shown in the graph below. (Arnold 2008, p.151) . (Arnold 2008, p.151) Phases of The Business Cycle There are five different phases of a business cycle which include the peak, contraction, though, recovery and expansion. (Arnold 2008, p.151) A complete business cycle is measured from peak to peak. Peak – at the peak of the business cycle real GDP is temporary high. (Arnold 2008, p.151) Contraction – this phase represents the decline in the real GDP. This phase is known as the recession phase. (Arnold 2008, p.151) Trough – this phase represents the low point in the real GDP just before the starts to increase back again. (Arnold 2008, p.151) Recovery – this phase represents the phase when the GDP is rising back towards the initial peak. Recovery phase begins from trough and extends up till the initial peak. (Arnold 2008, p.151) Expansion – the expansion phase refers to the increase in real GDP beyond the recovery  point. In this stage the GDP increases the initial peak. (Arnold 2008, p.151) No country can stay in the peak phase for long time even the developed countries. The best any country can do is that they can go straight from contraction phase to expansion phase and skip the trough and recovery phases. Recession According to Wiegand (2009) recession occurs when a country’s gross domestic product (GDP) – the value of all the reported goods and services produced by a country – goes down for two or more consecutive quarters – which means for six months or more. (p.18) The above mentioned definition was considered very simple and standard so on November 26, 2001, the National Bureau of Economic Research gave a different than standard definition of recession. According to the NBER, â€Å"recession is a significant decline in activity spread across the economy, lasting more than a few months, visible in industrial production, employment, real income and wholesale retail trade.† (Wiegand, 2009) Ordinary recession symptoms are quite depressing. People buy less stuff because they feel less confident about making in the future. Factories make less stuff because people are buying less. It can be harder to get credit. Unemployment rises and stock market falls. Depression A recession when gets out of control turns into a depression resulting in the country’s GDP drops by more than 10%.(Wiegand, 2009) Real life examples of great depression that happened in USA and Finland are: * From 1929 – 1933, the GDP of the United States decreased by 27%. * Form 1937 – 1938, the GDP of United states decreased by 18%. * In 1990s, after the Soviet Union fell apart the GDP of Finland dropped by 11%. The above given examples when compared by the global recession of 2001 in which the GDP decreased by 0.6% give the idea of the critical situation of 1930s. (Wiegand, 2009) Impact of Recession According to King (1997) the recession had two different but related impacts: * The realization that competitive nation require competitive government stimulated experiments to reform government structure and systems. * The failure of many of these experiments to deliver short – term benefits has led many to distrust the traditional processes and rhetoric of governments.  While recession exposed both businesses and governments to new global forces, nosiness responded more flexibly than government. (p.269) Causes of Recession The reasons which cause the GDP to decrease and hence result in recession are classified into two types which are: External Causes of Recession External causes include misusing of those same factors which are used by the government in tackling the recession. Recession is generally caused by the excessive application and misusing of different governmental economic policies like fiscal or monitory policies. On rare occasions, there can be other types of external shocks such as oil embargo of 1973 – 74, but usually the cause of recession that does the real damage is the fiscal or monetary policies. The most prominent example of external cause of recession is the severe monetary control sometimes referred to as â€Å"cold turkey monetarism†. (Klien 2002, p.133) Internal Causes of Recession Internal causes of recession are probably more important than that of external causes of recession. These are the excesses, imbalances and distortion that develop within the structure of the economy itself as the expansion unfolds and cause consumers to cut back on their buying and business executives to cut back on production and employment. For example: an excessive build – up of inventory, an imbalance in price – cost movements that brings on a profit squeeze and excessive demands for credit that drive the rates beyond variable level. (Klien 2002, p.133) Strategies used by Governments to combat Recession The methods used by the federal government to try to pull the economy out of recession are discussed below: Setting Fiscal Policies According to Wiegand (2009) fiscal policies are basically the guidelines the government follows to collect and spend the tax money. Governments in order to tackle recession it can take the following steps: * Cut Taxes – so people and businesses keep more cash for spending on goods and services. * Increase Spending – on government projects to boost employment. * Widen â€Å"safety net† programs – such as unemployment insurance. Adjusting Monetary Policies According to Wiegand (2009) governments can regulate economy by manipulating the supply of money. Governments can use the following measures to control the recession in the economy: * Lower the amount banks have to keep in reserves. * Lower the interest rates on loans. * Buy treasury bonds and loans that private entities made. Strategies used by Businesses to combat Recession According to Vickers (2006) Businesses in order to recession proof its business in case of economic slowdown should follow the strategies give below: * Diversify its business. * Offer extraordinary customer service. * Intensify its marketing activities. * Adopt latest technology. * Stay focused towards long term goals and objectives. * Look for new ways to be innovative. Recession and Chicken/ Burger Bar Market The worldwide recession has affected most markets and the chicken/burger bar market is no exception. Mintel (2010c) shows the chicken and burger bar market was worth  £4.014m. However, in 2008, roughly when the recession came to the fore, this was down to  £3.781m and was estimated to fall further yet. Recession and Nando’s A study conducted in December 2010 based on the opinion of 1,966 people aged 16+, suggests 7% of people falling in the category visit Nandos. Furthermore, for the age group 15-24, this figure rises to 19% (Mintel, 2010a). This would seem to suggest that Nandos appeals more to a younger age group. However, one must take into consideration that the sample of 1,966 may not be a sufficient representation of the UK population. Nandos are inclined to target a young age group; an idea backed up by the â€Å"Spirit of Nando’s† radio campaign aimed at 18-35 year olds (Mintel, 2010b). This point is further backed up by Nandos’ popularity amongst celebrities (Sawyer, 2010). In addition, Mintel (2010a) also suggests that, largely, visitors to  Nandos are inclined to be from the C1 and Urban Prosperity socio-economic groups. Although there was some archival data on the customer base of Nandos, it is not sufficient for the purposes of this research. Building on the data found during the literature review, this study will look more closely in to the customer base of Nandos. Due to lower consumer spending influenced by the recession, Nandos in the UK made a loss of  £23m in only 36 weeks leading up to February 2009. However, directors of Nandos also citied rising ingredient costs as factor (Paskin, 2010). The loss of  £23m over 36 weeks during the recession would seem to suggest that the recession has negatively affected Nandos. The Mintel (2008 and 2010c) reports showed that there was no significant change in Nandos’ market share in the period when recession was in progress. The research design will allow for the reasons behind this loss to be analysed in detail. Nandos’ financial reports will be required to look comprehensively at their financial performance and the driving forces behind any major changes. The effect of the recession on Nandos may well have been reduced due to the brand name being perceived honest and sincere (Opoku et al, 2007). Nandos has continued to expand through the economic downturn, planning ’20 – plus’ openings and David Niven vowing to open up to 200 more within 5 years (Wootton, 2010). Another strategy explored by Nandos was the move towards being eco-friendly, underlined by unveiling the first branded UK restaurant to use its own waste cooking oil as a solitary power source (Wootton, 2009). Another tactic employed by Nandos was to make a commitment to offer healthier options in their menu (Eversham, 2008). Nandos strategy of not taking note of recession and expanding will need to be further looked in to. Their initiative towards their staff and providing healthy options will also be investigated and the effectiveness of it analysed through the research methodology. Also, Nandos made a vow to make no redundancies in the recession which seems to be to keep up staff morale. And, as Moore (2010) suggests, HR methods are a major contributor to business profitability and this is a factor which is gaining more and more weight. This strategy seems to have paid some dividends with the award of three stars in the Best Companies Accreditation Scheme 2010 (Harmer, 2010). Research Methodology Definition Research methodology in research methods refers to the study of specific techniques, tools or procedures applied to achieve research objectives. Research methodology includes types of data, types of study, sources of data, research tools etc. used in order to conduct the research. (Dillman, 2000) Purpose of Research Research Question The research is being conducted to answer the following research questions: * What is the customer base of Nando’s? * If and how the recession affected Nando’s? * What are the strategies used by Nando’s in the recession? In order to answer the research question above the methodology used to carry out the research includes the following: Nature of Study In order to answer the research questions this study will require both exploratory and explanatory strategies at different points. Exploratory strategy is required as there is not enough information available about the research topic in hand as this type of research on Nandos has never been conducted before and is done for the first time. So in order to fulfil the research objectives information about Nandos is needed to be explored to investigate the effect of recession on Nandos and different strategies used by Nandos to tackle recession. (Dawson, 2002) Explanatory strategy is required as the relationship of the research findings must be established and explained in the research. (Dawson, 2002) Research Onion By considering the research objectives and the literature review of the research project a clear structure of the most suitable research methodology for the research is developed. Through each layer of Saunder et al. (2007) research onion model the most appropriate research methods, approaches and strategies are adopted for conducting the research in order to answer the research question. The different layers in Saunders et al. (2007) research  onion model are shown in the figure below; all the layers will be individually discussed to explain the reason behind selecting a particular element for this specific research. Saunders et.al (2007) â€Å"Research Onion† Research Philosophy As shown in the figure above the first layer of Saunders et al. (2007) research onion is the research philosophy. Considering the research objectives interpretive approach is selected as the relation between Nando’s and its customer’s is needed to be determined in order to answer the research question. Positivism approach is also considered as the research also required qualitative and statistical data in order to improve the research findings. Research Approach As shown in the figure above the second layer of Saunders et al. (2007) research onion is the research approach. The research design will mainly be deductive as the use of existing literature and information on Nando’s will be required to form a hypothesis which will be extensively investigated through primary research methods. However, due to an apparent lack of specific existing research on some of the topics, an inductive approach will also be taken to help in answering the research objectives. Research Strategies As shown in the figure above the third layer of Saunders et al. (2007) research onion is the research strategies. The research strategies employed in order to collect data for the research included the Survey, interview and Archival research. Data collected specifically for this research which is primary data will be collected through survey and interview while secondary which includes already published data will be collected through archival research. (Bates, 2005) A survey will be conducted; a questionnaire is designed in which direct formal questions will be asked from the customers of Nando’s. The questionnaires will be distributed among the customers of Nando’s according to the principles of random sampling as according to Saunders et al. (2007) a suitable sample from the whole population can  produce the results representing the whole population. The research strategy also includes intercept interviewing in which an individual personal interview of the branch manager will be conducted which will also include direct formal questions. Research Choice As shown in the figure above the fourth layer of Saunders et al. (2007) research onion is the research choice. The research choice for this research is ‘Mixed – Method’ as the research design will aim to collect and analyse both qualitative and quantitative information. This will allow for triangulation and, as Saunders et al. (2009) suggest, triangulation helps improve the credibility of findings, making them more valid. Time Horizon As shown in the figure above the fifth layer of Saunders et al. (2007) research onion is the Time Horizon. Time horizon chosen for this research is ‘Cross – Sectional’ as all the data required to answer the research question will be collected just once and the whole research will take a month to complete. A Gantt chart is given in the appendices outlining the timetable of key activities for the project. The total research work is divided into 10 different tasks where some of the activities overlap as some of their components are inter linked. Research Plan The research design will mainly be deductive as the use of existing literature and information on Nandos will be required to form a hypothesis which will be extensively investigated through primary research methods. However, due to an apparent lack of specific existing research on some of the topics, an inductive approach will also be taken to help in answering the research objectives. Furthermore, this study will require both exploratory and explanatory strategies at different points. The research design will aim to collect and analyse both qualitative and quantitative information. This will allow for triangulation and, as Saunders et al. (2009) suggest, triangulation helps improve the credibility of findings, making them more valid. Phase 1: Archival Research Firstly, mainly existing information on Nandos will be examined in order to investigate whether Nandos had indeed been affected by the recession. This part of the study will be deductive and exploratory. As regards to establishing the customer base of Nandos, credible databases such as Mintel will provide useful information which will help in the formation of the questionnaire and also aid in the sampling imperative information on variables such as demographics and age groups. Furthermore, reports on Mintel such as the ones examined in the literature review, can help in identifying the affect the recession had on visitors. There are reports available which discuss and analyse who visits Nandos, and other such outlets which were briefly explored in the literature review. Some of these reports, which have the same variables, were composed before and after the recession respectively and the differences will be closely examined to determine patterns. Archival research will provide key information in both quantitative and qualitative form which will help develop primary research methods and ultimately answering the objectives. The financial reports will provide quantitative information. The figures before, during and after the recession will be analysed through determining the changes in profitability, for example, to establish if and to what extent the recession affected Nandos. Newspaper articles and the reports on databases such as Mintel will provide qualitative information. However, one must keep in mind that some of the data collected may be out dated and hence possibly not be relevant and bring in to question the validity of findings. The quantitative findings of this phase will be analysed by the use of graphs and other such tools to show trends and patterns. (Researcher’s Contribution) Phase 2: Questionnaire Following the analysis of data collected through the archival research, the next step will involve questionnaire conducted with Nandos’ customers. A questionnaire was chosen as a data collection tool as it can be carried out, in theory in any case, over a large sample in a reasonable amount of time, hence allowing generalisability (Saunders et al., 2009). This method will not only aim to establish Nandos’ customer base but also how, if at all, the recession has affected their attitudes towards Nandos. The questionnaire will be quantitative focused but will also provide opportunity to collect  qualitative data. In constructing the questionnaire, the analysis of the existing information on the customer base of Nandos found through phase 1 will be vital. The questions will be formed dependant on the type of customer base Nandos has; i.e. age group or socio-economic group. The population for this data collection method will be Nando’s customers. As mentioned before, Nandos has over 200 outlets in the UK. Ideally, every Nandos customer that visits every outlet would be part of the sample. However, this is not feasible and getting a sample that will allow generalisability is vital (Saunders et al., 2009). Since there is not a database of specific Nandos customers, the sampling in that regard will have to be probable in the form of random sampling. The customer assistants will be told to offer every customer the chance to fill out the voluntary questionnaire. However, elements of non-probable sampling will also be present as the Nandos outlet that will be targeted for the questionnaire cannot be selected dependant on key variables identified through phase 1 such as outlets with high number of visitors and location among others due to lack of resources. The outlet that will be selected will aim to be the most accurate representation on Nandos. The questionnaire will aim to cover the three types of variables, suggested by Dillman (2000), which are behaviour, opinion and attributes. The idea of offering an incentive to fill out the questionnaire may also be explored, however, this could lead to customer not answering honestly in order to get the incentive and hence hurting the validity of findings. The questionnaire prepared for the research is attached as an appendix. Phase 3: Interview with Manager The next step of the research will be to conduct a series of interview with a commercial manager within Nandos. An intercept interview of an individual was chosen. As discussed in the literature review, Nandos made a commitment to staff to make no redundancies and, in basic terms, to stand by them. As with the questionnaire, the sampling for the interviews will have elements of both probable and non-probable elements. From the store included in the sample for the questionnaire commercial manager will be asked to participate in the voluntary interview. They will be told the purpose of the study and the fact that the study is required for educational purposes. To reduce the  chance of bias within the interview, the interviewee will be offered anonymity (refer to 4.0 for further discussion on ethical issues). The interview will be structured as this will help answer pre prepared questions and will be preferred by the interviewee as it will be quick (Saunders et al., 2009). Some key themes for this interview will partly be derived from the results of the questionnaire. Interview questions can be found in the appendix. This method will provide qualitative data, by using open-ended questions, which will be further analysed. (QSR International, 2010). Practical and Ethical Issues In every stage of this research, there will be practical and ethical issues to bear in mind, as is the case with most research studies (Saunders et al., 2009). The major practical issues relating to data collection are access and response rate. The sample for the questionnaire will look to select outlet that have a high volume of customers to increase the chances of a high response rate. As regards to data collection, all participants will be informed that participation is voluntary and all data collected will be used in compliance with the Data Protection Act 1998. Saunders et al. (2009) state that budget and time constraints prevent surveying a whole population and the sampling will look to overcome these constraints by selecting a sample which balances budget and time while giving a credible response. Another ethical issue was in relation to the interview with the mangers of Nandos’ outlet. Participants will be required to fill out a brief consent form, outlining the voluntary participation and ensuring anonymity where necessary. A brief consent form is given in the appendices.

The Six General Skills All Project Team Members Should Have Essay

The Six General Skills All Project Team Members Should Have - Essay Example The major elements of agile development are related to its development approaches that are extreme programming, Scrum and dynamic systems development method. The projects are simple and iterative. Projects cycles are small and the teams tend to be adaptive to the business environment. With unclear user requirements and short time duration, agile development is good, however, with complexity, unfamiliar technology, and schedule visibility, agile development is bad.  The major elements of agile development are related to its development approaches that are extreme programming, Scrum and dynamic systems development method. The projects are simple and iterative. Projects cycles are small and the teams tend to be adaptive to the business environment. With unclear user requirements and short time duration, agile development is good, however, with complexity, unfamiliar technology, and schedule visibility, agile development is bad.  8. What are the six key factors in selecting a methodo logy? 9. Create a list of potential risks that could affect the outcome of a project.†¢ Weak personnel†¢ Scope Creep†¢ Poor design†¢ Overly optimistic estimates†¢ The absence of right technical skills†¢ High learning curve causing performance to slow down†¢ Failure to monitor the schedule†¢ Failure to update the schedule†¢ Adding people to a late projectCHAPTER 38. What is the value of producing a requirements definition and having the project sponsor and key users review and approve it?A requirements definition is valuable because it highlights the business requirements, user requirements, functional and nonfunctional requirements and system requirements, all of which are crucial for the project. The project sponsor is very crucial as it participates in decision making regarding the time period, cost and functionality for SDLC and change of project goals. Key user reviews and their approval are valuable as user participation is essential for th e progress of the project along with its successful implementation.  

Conflict in Egypt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Conflict in Egypt - Essay Example But there has to be an event with a potential to spark the revolution. In case of Egypt, it was the alighting of a man in front of parliament building in Cairo on 17 January, 2011 to register his protest against the untold pains that the economic conditions have caused him. (Jones, 2011) The incident caused to set dividing line between the oppressed and the oppressor and thus had set the stage for the first stage of conflict life cycle, the beginning. As a natural outcome of this incident two sides; the Egyptian government and the public takes their definite sides. As the time elapsed the government and public stances appeared to have two obvious stands points around which the opinions began to emerge and the divide began to take clear boundaries. Majority of people have a clear mindset on the issue and they have no confusion on the logic of their stance. The protesters were beefed up with masses from every walk of life neglecting their mutual differences in social values and religio us thoughts. â€Å"They were students and professionals, men and women, members of both the elite and the working class, standing side by side, and standing together out of concern for their country's future.† (Editorial, 2011). ... The protestors were peaceful right from the beginning of the conflict and successfully displayed their rationale and resolution behind the protest. However, the Egyptian government had tried nothing new but the tools and tricks what a dictator regime often has to employ. The nonviolent protestor began to formulate their demands as the government fails to reconcile in the early stages of the conflict. This was mainly due to a tyrant approach to such conflicts and the suppression and oppression could only add fuel to the fire. The public anger began to rise as the government failed pay heed to public concerns in a befitting manner. The situation clearly outlines the next stage of the conflict where conflict are grown into mature stages and some violence marks the stanch behaviors of parties involved in the conflict. The PPU identifies the situation as, â€Å"Each side increases its demands, and its sense of grievance swells. Each side looks for allies from outside the conflict area, f or moral and physical support. Acts of violence begin.† (PPU, 2011). The killing of the protestors by government allies further complicated the conflict and the blood injected firm determination among the protester gather around the historic Tahrir Square to liberate their country from the Husni Mubarak regime. The violence introduced by the government allies further aggravated the situation and created the deadlock required to translate such conflicts into a successful revolution. The activists chanted popular slogans "We do not want Shafik any more, even if they shoot us with bullets, revolution until victory, revolution against Shafik and the palace.† (Sherwood & Tom, 2011). The whole Egypt went on warlike situation after this and riots spread all over the

Trojan War Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Trojan War - Research Paper Example Strauss (2007) has pointed out that â€Å"Some people believe that Trojan war never happened and the beauty of Homer’s description forced people to think that it actually happened† (Strauss, p.1). At the same time, some of the recent researches have concluded that this war might have happened in reality as described by Homer. Strauss (2007) has mentioned about some of the evidences collected by the archeologists recently to substantiate the arguments of people who believe this war was an actual one rather than an imaginary one (Strauss, p.1). This paper briefly analyses whether Trojan War was a real one or an imaginary one. The exact date of occurrence of this war is not mentioned by Homer or any one else. Homer never described anything about the exact timing of this war in any of his epic poems. However, historians do believe that this war was happened around 1200 BC. Strauss (2007) has pointed out that â€Å"The Trojan War which probably dates to around 1200 BC is ju st a piece in a large puzzle† (Strauss, p.3). ... The Iliad is to Trojan War what The Longest Day is to World War 2. The four days of battle in the Iliad no more sums up Trojan War than the D-day invasion of France sums up the World War 2. The Iliad is not the whole story of Trojan War (Strauss, p.5) The Longest Day is a film produced in 1962 about Second World War which speaks about the D-day invasion of France (D-Day is a military term used to represent a day in which a specific battle event occurred or will occur). It should be noted that The Longest Day was produced just around twenty years from the end of Second World War whereas Homer explained the details of Trojan War around five centuries later. In other words, Homer never seen Trojan War and he explained the details about this war from his imagination. It is easy to explain an event if it happened in the recent times, whereas it is difficult to explain an event if it happened long time back. In short, Homer’s explanations about this war primarily came from his imagi nations and therefore one can safely argue that his arguments lack authenticity. Another interesting aspect about Trojan War is the controversies surrounding the Trojans. â€Å"A generation ago, scholars thought that the Trojans were the Greeks. But new evidences suggests otherwise† (Strauss, p.2). Since Iliad was written in Greek language, many people thought that Trojans were actually Greeks. They failed to realize the fact that the Iliad was written centuries later by a Greek person called Homer. Another fact which forced people to think Trojans as Greeks was the names of the persons and gods used in Iliad. All the names used in this poem were Greek names and moreover, their conversations were in Greek language which forced people to think that Trojans were actually Greeks.

Tate Modern Building Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tate Modern Building - Essay Example However, Herzog and De Meuron a small Swiss firm won the honor of building the Tate Modern. The main reason they won was that their proposal wanted to retain much of the essential character of the building. The power station consisted of a huge turbine hall, thirty-five metres high and 152 metres long, parallel to it is the boiler house. The turbine hall has become a dramatic entrance area with ramped access, plus exhibit for large sculptural projects. The boiler house became the galleries, and are on three levels running the full length of the building. The galleries are in separate but linked blocks called suites, and on either side of the escalators. The Tate collection of modern art is displayed on two of the gallery floors, the third is devoted to temporary exhibitions. To the original roofline of the power station Herzog and De Meuron added a two-storey galls penthouse called a light beam. The top level of this houses a caf-restaurant with stunning views of the river and the City. The lower levels are members room with terraces on both sides of the building. The chimney is capped by a colored light, known as the swiss light, feature designed by the artist Michael Craig-Martin. The penthouse light beam and the Swiss Light mark the presence of Tate Modern for many miles. There are two basic views of the public environment: that the city s... hat district we are talking about is as follows: To place building relative to the street, have the doors relative to the sidewalk- are they convenient and frequent enough to support the type of activity desired on the street- and the architectural scale should have two components: the building should have a level of detail, variety and material quality that makes human interaction pleasant, and the building should compliment the character of neighboring structures. There is a very little difference that unites post-modernism but the rejection of strict modernism. Post-modernism represents a break-down in the modernist consensus and an opening of the door to different approaches to design. The hope of post-modernism lies in the sense of new possibilities combined with a willingness to learn from past architectural achievements. The problem is that it might become a self-enclosed culture of competing in- groups arguing about the use of smart historical references that no one else can understand or even see. An eye to publicity and self- promotion would not replace fundamental rethinking of the relations between architecture and society that includes the community and the users of the buildings as a vital part of the process of design. ( Modern Architecture,4) Basic Facts The total cost of construction was 134 million pounds. The construction manager: Schal, a division of Carillion plc. The architects were Herzog & De Meuron, Jacques Herzog, Pierre de Meuron, Harry Gugger and Christine Binswanger. The project and construction date was from 1995 to 2000. The site area: 3.43 Ha. The total floor area: 34, 500 square meters. The Tate Modern has a special exhibition suite of 1,300 m, an auditorium that seats 240 people, 2 cafes, 3 shops of 500, 300, and 150 square meters,

English essay for Junior College Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

English for Junior College - Essay Example When it came to my parents, the older I became, the more they were fading from me, until all I could see were the last few moments spent with them by the river. The rest blended together like the ingredients in a too-long-simmered stew: reveries and dreams, wishes, fantasies. Is that what it would also come to with Sebastian?" (Danticat 245). The author uses dreams to as symbolic in the novel to develop themes such as identity. In most of her dreams and thoughts, Amabelle contemplates the tragedies and traumatic experiences in her past life. Since her life was a nightmare, Amabelle uses her dreams for comfort. On page 310, she says, â€Å"I looked to my dreams for softness, for a gentler embrace, for relief from the fear of mudslides and blood bubbling out of the riverbed, where it is said that the dead add their tears to the river flow.† Therefore, it is only through sleep that she can escape the reality that her life is a nightmare. Danticat uses dreams to remember the past and also to expand on the characters. It is clear from the novel that characters who dream to escape from their realities only end up facing their past particularly in their dreams. Amabelle and Sebastian are examples of such characters. Amabelle mostly dreams of the death of her parents while Sebastian dreams of the death of his father in a hurricane. In her dreams Amabelle recounts her parents deaths, â€Å" I thought that if I relived the moment often enough, the answer would become clear, that they had wanted either for us all to die together or for me to go on living, even if by myself." (Danticat 309). The characters are escaping reality by finding comfort in their dreams. Despite the fact that the characters are still revisiting their dreams, they are trying to move on as people. Moving on allows the characters to grow and develop. Amabelle and Sebastian open to each through dreams. The two use dreams to share their experiences and problems.

Information And Research Methods In Business Paper

Information And Methods In Business - Research Paper Example Immediately prior to the generalization, however, we review the recent literature immediately available on the topic to reexamine our perspective and build our generalizations on a more stable foundation. There are three basic ways of identifying, summarizing and analyzing product quality problems. One basic way is to identify, summarize, and analyze product quality problem from the point of view of the consumer. The second basic way is to identify, summarize, and analyze product quality problems from the viewpoint of distributors. The second will only be applicable for businesses that tap distribution companies for a product. The third basic way is to identify, summarize, and analyze product quality problems from the point of view of our retailers. Like the second, this will not always apply to all types of businesses. Finally, the fourth basic way is to identify, summarize, and analyze product quality problems from the perspective of quality control and of a quality control system. In identifying product quality problems as perceived by our consumers, we can implement two kinds of research. One research can identify, summarize, and analyze product quality problem as perceived by the consumers of our product. The second research can focus on the target consumers of our product and identify, summarize, and analyze product quality problems as perceived by the target consumers of our product. In doing a research on quality problem among our consumers, we may want to follow the statistical protocol with regard to computation of the percentage of our consumer who desires certain changes or improvements in our product. A good material for this is Walpole et al. (2007, p. 299-302). For estimation related to means, Walpole et al. (2007) are also useful but one may wish to supplement the discussion on the material with insights from Dekking.

Technology in America Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Technology in America - Research Paper Example According to Beer (52) â€Å"the use of social media on the internet has been shown to reduce with increasing age†. Thus, technology has changed the social norms in the American society. Technology like the internet has revolutionized how individuals relate to each other. Family members, colleagues at work and even students in school can now communicate easily and faster among each other. The internet is fast and sometimes more private and this has increased social interactions especially on social platforms like Facebook, twitter, MySpace and Google plus. People no longer have to meet physically or send letters in order to communicate. They can even form groups and have meetings online without having to meet physically. With technology making interaction between individuals easy and efficient, an increase in the feeling of sense of belonging has been the observed in many of these individuals. According to the 2010 Consumer reports, Technology has fostered creation of new relationships and even sustained the ones that existed before. However, despite the many positive changes that technology has brought, many negative effects have been observed in the subsequent stu dies carried out. Dangers of online networking especially on the teenagers have been clear demonstrated. Social networking reduces face-to-face interactions among the teenagers and the consequence has been an increased level of loneliness and stress. Cross (40) states that â€Å"some teenagers even end up committing suicide as a result of feeling left out or inferior† A substantial number of the avid internet users have become addicted to it. They can hardly spend ten minutes without looking at their phones; staying away from their computers is a hard ordeal to them. Missing out in important activities has been the consequence if this addiction. Those who are

Water Scarcity is a Real Threat Essay Example for Free

Water Scarcity is a Real Threat Essay The next war ripping across continents may well be triggered by water scarcity. Already a third of the world is suffering from water shortages. Ironically, rainfall has been adequate. The water is there. But what has gone awry is its management. Water scarcity in Asia and Australia alone affects a fourth of the world’s population and is triggered by over-usage whereas in Africa, it is lack of adequate infrastructure that wreaks havoc. Water scarcity around the world has come about primarily due to quintessentially wasteful practices that have seeped into present-day agriculture which sadly mops up 80% of fresh water. Over the past 100 years, water usage has gone up by six times globally, and is threatening to double again by the year 2050, driven mainly by demands of irrigation and increased agricultural activities. Current methods of irrigation will have to be urgently revisited and more efficient means reinvented. Problems of water scarcity can best be addressed by better efficiency in its utilisation, recycling, pricing of water (and the electricity used for lifting and conveying the water) where not already in vogue, transportation without losses, leaks and pilferage, and through education of the perils of the dangers to all humanity that is presently straining at the tethers due to the current reckless abandon with which it has been mismanaged. Interestingly rich nations like Australia are not immune to water scarcity. An urban Australian on the average trashes 300 litres of water daily and the European notches 200 litres, while the sub-Saharan African makes do with less than 20 litres a day. On the other side, one never ceases to marvel at Israel, which has truly mastered the art and science of water and its sustainable utilisation, conservation and augmentation. For a country that receives a best average rainfall of about 700 mm annually (in the Zefat region in the northern mountainous terrain), its agricultural productivity puts to shame any other agricultural economy. Here, efficiency of farm production is calibrated against water used for irrigation and a deterrent placed on its wastage. With agriculture being the main culprit for abysmal water scarcity, one should look up to advances in genetic engineering that has notched a few successes in ameliorating this acute paucity of water by suitably altering the plantâ€⠄¢s architecture, reduced need for water through modifications of internal anatomy and adjustments of crop physiology, besides enabling plants to survive and succeed in saline, salty and harsh environments. Improving the efficiency of agricultural production and water use are fundamental to any blueprint for a sustainable and equitable growth. The Murray-Darling that runs through Australian agricultural heartland has been steadily receding, triggered in part by an unprecedented string of droughts and exasperated by incessant siphoning for irrigation purposes. The Mekong, running through Laos, Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam is another startling example of how a once life-sustaining force could threaten the very communities that it once helped found and nurture. Nearer at home the muffled rumblings that one hears from time to time in some high-fluted national seminar where the wind bags wax eloquently of the virtues of linking rivers to ward off a cataclysmic disaster in the making is all hog wash. The idea of ‘linking rivers’ is a dated notion, tracing its origins to Sir Arthur Cotton in the 19th century. Akin to Captain Dastur’s ‘Garland Canal’, Dr K L R ao’s proposal of a Ganga-Cauvery Link was another idea that was just as handsomely popular as it was ridiculously impractical! Rao’s plan envisaged the link to take off near Patna, pass through the basins of the Sone, Narmada, Tapi, Godavari, Krishna and Pennar rivers before joining the Cauvery upstream of the Grand Anicut. Traversing 2,640 km, 60,000 cusecs of water were to be drawn from the flood flows of the Ganges for 150 days in the year. A substantial part of that water was to be lifted over 450 metres. The scheme was abandoned for its huge financial costs and large energy requirements, besides the colossal misery that it would have wreaked on hapless hamlets and populations of people in the millions along the trail of this grandiose link. Techno-economic viability apart, diversion of waters from the Ganges would have unfailingly embroiled India in an international dispute with neighbouring Bangladesh for such a flagrant violation. Based on environmental impact assessments, multi-criteria cost/benefit analyses, qualitative assessments of non-quantifiable considerations and rigorous investment appraisals, the National Commission on Integrated Water Resources Development Plan summarily rejected all but one of the river-linking proposals with the conclusion that the â€Å"the assessed needs of the basins could be met from full development and efficient utilisation of intra-basin resources except in the case of Cauvery and Vaigai basins†. A PIL filed in the Supreme Court in 2002 elicited a direction to accelerate the ‘linking of rivers’ by the learned judiciary. Debatable as the propriety of judicial directions on such a subject might be, the process brought to the fore a staggering revelation of cost of the order of Rs. 5,60,000 crore, according to one estimate! As a country, we simply don’t enjoy that kind of a luxury. Instead of frittering away our limited resources on such grandiose s chemes, we’d do well to channel our energies on micro-projects that collectively aim at conservation of water and promote its sustainable use through judicious management. The success of rain-water harvesting schemes in some of our states and the resultant improvement of ground water is a case in point. Likewise, the de-silting and strengthening of temple tanks and community water bodies ought to be practiced beyond symbolic gestures of photo-ops for the politically inclined. Polluting users of water sources need to be provided alternate, technology-driven solutions and continued intransigence must attract severe penalties under the law. Populist measures of providing free use of electricity and water for agriculture must be weaned down and agricultural productivity must reflect efficient use of energy and water inputs. Water shortage hinders total sanitation project Though 50% of village panchayats have achieved 100% total sanitation and got the Nirmal Puraskar tag, defecation in the open still continues and is more evident in the plains areas of the district. According to total sanitation project officer Taranath, 65 village panchayats out of 226 have received this award from the Union government and panchayats with a population of 5,000 and above got Rs 5 lakh and panchayats below 5,000 got Rs 2 lakh cash awards with citations. He said 35 panchayats are ready to get this award as they have fulfilled all the required parameters. When TOI visited some village panchayats in the plains, the toilets constructed were being used for some other purpose and families still prefer defecating in the open. In many houses, toilets have been converted into small godowns to store agricultural seeds, manure or other materials. When asked why they werent being used for the original purpose, they attributed this to water scarcity. Many said they arent getting enough drinking water for domestic use itself. In Malnad region, this programme has gathered momentum and some villages have been achieved 100% total sanitation. Sringeri and Narasimharajapura taluk in this area have been declared total sanitation taluks. Koppa taluk is just short of three panchayats to get this prestigious tag. The project was started in 2005 and so far 1,44,808 families have shown interest in constructing their own toilets in the backyard but 1,33,362 families are yet to get converted to this idea. For BPL families, the government gives Rs.3,500 as subsidy to construct toilets but even these families are not ready to have their own toilets. Water scarcity affects business of 60% Indian companies: An overwhelming majority of Indian companies consider water scarcity an increasing business risk, prompting them to conserve the commodity, a survey has revealed. As many as 83% respondents identified inadequate availability of water as a major risk to their business, in a survey of 27 major industrial sectors conducted by the US-based Columbia Water Center in association with industry lobby FICCI. While 60% respondents said inadequate availability of water was already impacting their business, 87% said the scarcity would impact their business 10 years down the line.

Criminology Essays Youth Crime Prevention

Criminology Essays Youth Crime Prevention Youth Crime Prevention Youth and Crime: The Need for a Prevention Strategy There is considerable debate over the issue of whether the level or the seriousness of offences committed by youth has increased in recent years. Those who feel it has point to statistical evidence of increased youth involvement in certain types of crimes. This position is also often supported by our personal experience of victimization, and our collective exposure to media reports of dramatic incidents involving young offenders. Others, however, argue that some of the apparent increase in official rates is a result of lower tolerance on the part of the public, and of an increasing tendency to use the formal justice system rather than community based or interpersonal solutions in response to offending by young people. In any case, there seems little doubt that there are increasing levels of concern among the public about the problem of youth crime and an increased understanding that most adult offenders start committing offences as youth and, thus, intervention must occur early to be beneficial. 3 The focus is on youth because research shows that early onset of delinquent and aggressive behaviour is the single best predictor of prolonged involvement with the criminal justice system.5 Thus, the intent of prevention focusing on youth is to reduce the occurrence and/or delay the onset of the initiation of delinquent behaviour. In other words, if a comprehensive crime prevention strategy for youth is developed and implemented, it would have the short-term effect of lowering the number of youth processed by the criminal justice system, thus saving both time and money, and the long-term effect of actually lowering the rates of crime and victimization, thus making the role of police less reactive. Crime Prevention The term crime prevention, in the broadest sense, encompasses any activity that has the effect of reducing crime.6 It includes a broad spectrum of activities, ranging from the social development approach to the prevention of opportunity through to deterrence. These include diversion of offenders prior to charging and dealing with offenders after sentence.7 A comprehensive strategy for crime prevention would include a complete range of activities covering all levels of intervention and elements of the crime event. 8 The problem of youth crime is complex and requires the involvement of the families, communities, schools, and often other agencies, to develop and implement prevention initiatives. Focus on the Causes of Criminal Behaviour In dealing with youth and children it is very important to understand the causes of criminal behaviour. Risk factors, such as early onset of delinquent behaviour, family violence, lack of support and supervision, substance abuse, etc., should become the focus for prevention programs. The social development approach is particularly well-suited for dealing with the causes of delinquency. Consideration of Victims’ Needs A lack of support for victims can result in continued victimization, causing further suffering for the victim. The provision of victim support services to deal with the effects of the crime are essential for responding effectively. The interests of other victims and potential victims need to be recognized and addressed as well. The use of alternatives to the traditional court system allows more involvement of victims in the process. If the victims wish to be involved in mediation or victim/offender reconciliation this should be actively encouraged. Tertiary prevention involves the full range of responses that occur after a crime has been committed. The vast majority of the activities of the criminal justice system are tertiary interventions. The objective is to rehabilitate or incapacitate the offender (deter recidivism), deter others who might consider similar behaviour, and repair some of the damage done to the victim. At present, most of the activity in this area concentrates on detecting, convicting, and sanctioning offenders. The major limitation of the public health model described above is the fact that it is grounded in the principles of pure science and implies that causes of crime are as identifiable as the causes of disease. Unfortunately, social science is not as exact a discipline as health science. It is based on associations and probabilities as opposed to certain specific causes. Further, there is often inadequate and sometimes conflicting evidence regarding the validity of specific causes.3 This raises the possibility of mislabeling a specific individual as a potential criminal because of his or her history and social circumstances or, on the other hand, mislabeling someone as unlikely to commit crime because of their positive social environment when in fact they are involved in crime. 4.1.2 Where The Focus of Prevention A prevention initiative must identify one or more specific targets upon which a proposed program can have an impact. The design of an initiative must consider the full range of target options. This requires a focus on all the aspects of a criminal event, which include an offender(s), a victim(s), and a situation(s) which brings these people together.4 The focus on the offender turns our attention to the issue of the motivation of a criminal act (e.g., Why is the individual tempted?; Are there social factors that place the individual at greater risk?), and to the ability of that same individual to exercise sufficient self-control over criminal motives. The thrust of offender-based strategies is to reduce the social conditions believed to contribute to criminal activity, reduce the levels of criminal motivation, or increase the capacity of individuals to exercise self-control. The focus on the situation shifts the attention to the opportunity to commit a criminal act, and to the levels of external control on individuals or groups. The main thrust here is on attempts to make 46 offending more difficult or less rewarding, or to increase the probability that an offender will be identified and caught. The focus on the victim raises the issue of the relative vulnerability of certain individuals or groups to criminal victimization. The thrust of intervention in this area is on improving the ability of potential victims to manage risk more effectively, and on providing the necessary support and assistance necessary to allow people to reduce their exposure to risk. A Conceptual Framework for Crime Prevention The discussion of the possible levels and targets of a prevention initiative can be combined into a typology of prevention options.5 The typology presented in Table 4.1 allows us to identify the range of elements and components that should be considered in the development of a comprehensive prevention strategy. Community Crime Prevention The objective of this strategy is to supplement the work and resources of the police by improving the capacity of a community to supervise and control potential offenders. The emphasis is on increasing informal social control, usually through programs such as Neighbourhood Watch, which recruit members of the community on a volunteer basis as the eyes and ears of the justice system. Tertiary PreventionThe assumption is that this will provide more information to the police and the courts, thus allowing them to improve their rate of arrests and convictions. The theory is that this will deter offenders and thus improve community safety. Unfortunately, the research on this type of programs is not always supportive or encouraging: there is little indication that crime rates are reduced, and it appears that these programs are extremely difficult to set up in the communities that need them the most.6 Traditionally, the criminal justice system has intervened largely at the tertiary level, that is, after an offence has been reported. The overwhelming focus of attention has been on the identification, arrest, prosecution and conviction of offenders. The shift to a focus on prevention of recidivism and the integration of the offender provides a context for the discussion of the general strategy of diversion as an option for dealing with the needs and concerns of victims, offenders, and communities in a more effective and cost efficient manner. A discussion of strategic options for the design and implementation of diversion programs can be found in Chapter 6.0 of this manual. In the area of policing, the problem is to identify and implement policing strategies that maximize the ability to reduce recidivism and ideally, to deter others from getting involved in offending. Traditionally, the role of the police has been to deliver prosecutable cases to the Crown prosecutor for processing the assumption being that successful prosecutions and sentences would have the best effect on both recidivism and general deterrence. However, the recognition of the broad range of risk factors associated with the development of persistent offending offers an alternative to this approach. The lesson from the research on persistent offenders is that success is most likely in situations where the full range of problems faced by the individual are addressed by early intervention. In practical terms, this means designing intervention strategies that reflect the knowledge we have of risk factors. (the above is not in my words just extra info! The assignment must be on one case study only! Thinking errors: Thinking errors involves young people (under the age of 18 years old) attempting to alter the truth and to ignore taking accountability for their actions and repercussions. There are many common thinking errors that young offenders may use. Blaming: a young individualperson who justifies their negative behaviour as being due to someone else initiating the incident they have committed. E.g. it was not my fault, she started it. Assuming: a young individualperson may assume they know what another person is thinking or feeling and will often act before verifying the details. E.g. he looked at me funny as if he wanted to fight so before he hit me I hit him. Minimising: the young individualperson will try to make what he or she did seem less bad. E.g. I didn’t crash the car that badly, it can still start. Telling lies: a young individualperson tries to lie about what he or she have done. E.g. I didn’t steal that lady’s handbag, she dropped it and I picked it up. Coming up with excuses’: a young person constantly making up excuses for their action. E.g. but I really didn’t see her there I thought it was my toy gun not a real gun that was loaded. Thinking errors are created through faulty understanding of facts. Everyone engages in thinking errors at some point in time and it doesn’t automatically render into a life of criminality but many young people engage in criminal behaviour, and will use thinking errors to validate their wrong doings or actions.

The Tragedy of Xenotransplantation :: Transplants Medical Essays

The Tragedy of Xenotransplantation Background and challenges In 1954, surgeon Joseph Murray started a revolution in the Medical industry by performing the first human organ transplant, a kidney transplant between identical twins(1). Initially, allotransplantation received some hindrance due to the ability of the human immune system to reject any foreign object. With the introduction of cyclosporin, a powerful drug that minimizes the rejection of foreign tissue, allotransplantion possibilities have expanded spectacularly(3). It is no longer necessary to have an exact match of certain blood type markers for a successful human transplant. This means organs from unrelated people can be used. Recipients have a good chance today of living at least five years with an allograft. These days organ transplantation is a norm. Each year about 20,000 Americans receive life saving transplants of heart, kidneys , liver or lungs. Today, allotransplantation faces a significant challenge because the need for this procedure far exceeds the av ailability of donor organs. Each day, approximately 10 Americans breathe their last breath waiting for organs to become available. To meet this scarcity of human organs, doctors along with pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies are investigating an alternative to allotransplantation, xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation, (xeno) is a greek word meaning â€Å"stranger†, involves transplanting or grafting of animal organs, tissues, or cells to replace failing organs or to treat disease in humans. These transplanted or grafted organ, tissue, or cell is called a xenotransplant or xenograft. As documented in Table 1, the concept of xenotransplantation dates as back as 1682, but it was not until the 1960's that the technological world stimulated this idea for whole organ transplant. In 1963, Keith Reemtsma transplanted chimpanzee kidneys into thirteen patients. Also, in 1964 Hardy and colleagues from the University of Mississippi used a chimpanzee’s heart as a xenograft. The patients did not survive for long but the transplanted organs showed no sign of rejection. This success inspired more research and development in xenotransplantation, which resulted in the use of this process for therapeutic effects, such as bone marrow transplant in AIDS patients. Although, both whole organ and bone marrow transplants received limited success, the use of pig's heart valves to repair human hearts and porcine pancreatic islet cells to treat diabetes raises the hopes of scientists that someday whole organ xenotransplantation will be possible.

Capitalizing the costs of developing a software program for sale Essay

In order to gain a better understanding of both the software industry and the applicable guidelines for capitalizing software, some outside research into the industry and FASB standards was completed. This research was complied as a part of the risk assessment portion of the audit process (Whittington & Pany, 2012). The issue of capitalizing the costs of developing a software program for sale is a complicated issue. This is due in part to the fact that the nature of technology is constantly changing so clear procedures regulating when to write off a software system vary according to the pace of technological changes within the industry. Therefore, while a company is developing software, they should report the incurred creative costs to a research and development account (Warfield, Weygandt, & Kieso, 2007). Once the software product has reached a point where it is feasibly considered a technological product the costing can be adjusted to begin capitalizing the costs (Warfield, Weygandt, & Kieso). As established in FASB Statement No. 2, any costs incurred in the developing, creating, testing, and so forth of software products will be charged to the research and development expense account; however any adjustments to the software for upgrades and any costs to market the product would not be included in the research and development expense account (Accounting-Financial-Tax.com, 2012). This is because by the point the product is ready to be marketed or needs to be upgraded to meet new technological standards, the feasibility of the product has been established and therefore the product should be capitalized (Account ing-Financial-Tax.com). If however, after meeting the feasibility requirements, there is substantial risk associate... ....com. (2012). Capitalization and amortization of software costs. Retrieved from, http://accounting-financial-tax.com/2009/05/capitalization-and-amortization-of-software-cost/ Accounting For Management. (2011). Return on Shareholder’s investment or net worth ratio. Retrieved from, http://www.accountingformanagement.com/retun_on_share_holders_investment_or_net_worth.htm Kennon, J. (2012). Return on assets (ROA). Retrieved from, http://beginnersinvest.about.com/od/incomestatementanalysis/a/return-on-assets-roa-income-statement.htm Tracy, J. A. (2004). How to read a financial report (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Warfield, T. D., Weygandt, J. J., & Kieso, D. E. (2007). Intermediate accounting (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Whittington, R., & Pany, K. (2012). Principles of auditing and other assurances (18th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill

Admissions Essay - The Art of Medicine :: Medicine College Admissions Essays

Admissions Essay - The Art of Medicine Once upon a time, it seems, physicians were wise and good, and medicine was an art. That's the feeling I get reading from the Chahar Maqala, tales from a time when doctors diagnosed lovesick princes from a urine sample, a pulse, and a review of local geography. American medicine in the late 20th century seems considerably less romantic. Protocols and seven-minute patient visits are supposed to leave physicians tracking blood pressure readings and calibrating Prozac prescriptions. There's no time for wisdom in an HMO, or so the wiser and more ancient of current physicians lament. So it was with certain trepidation that I spent a day last December in an internist's office. The morning started slowly, with a 63 year old woman with a history of hypertension, back in the office four months after her pills ran out. Her blood pressure, not surprisingly, was high. The doctor reminded her, wearily, to call the office for refills. She nodded. "Compliance," he told me, as we left the exam room, "is our biggest problem." As the day wore on, a steady procession of patients made their way into exam rooms, worried about menopause, stuffy sinuses, colds caught from grandchildren, and all that ails retirees in late December. Just before lunch, an 86-year-old man edged his way into an exam room, dividing his weight between his cane and his wife. "Yesterday, I felt like I couldn't breath," he said. "I can't leave the house. I get too tired." I'd been warned that I would help take the history on this patient, and I was planning out my questions. A pulmonary complaint - "I can't breath" -- elicit a standard list, designed to distinguish heart failure from pneumonia from various other ailments - when did the shortness of breath start? Had he noticed he was more tired recently when he walked or exercised? Did he sleep with lots of pillows to prop him up when he slept? Did he feel pain in his chest when he inhaled? Exhaled? My mind was racing. The doctor, meanwhile, was interested in golf. "Do you get out on the greens at all?," he asked. The patient sighed. "No, I'll fall down, can't walk that far. I'm too tired. I can't breath." After asking the patient's wife to leave the room, the doctor told him to undress. Admissions Essay - The Art of Medicine :: Medicine College Admissions Essays Admissions Essay - The Art of Medicine Once upon a time, it seems, physicians were wise and good, and medicine was an art. That's the feeling I get reading from the Chahar Maqala, tales from a time when doctors diagnosed lovesick princes from a urine sample, a pulse, and a review of local geography. American medicine in the late 20th century seems considerably less romantic. Protocols and seven-minute patient visits are supposed to leave physicians tracking blood pressure readings and calibrating Prozac prescriptions. There's no time for wisdom in an HMO, or so the wiser and more ancient of current physicians lament. So it was with certain trepidation that I spent a day last December in an internist's office. The morning started slowly, with a 63 year old woman with a history of hypertension, back in the office four months after her pills ran out. Her blood pressure, not surprisingly, was high. The doctor reminded her, wearily, to call the office for refills. She nodded. "Compliance," he told me, as we left the exam room, "is our biggest problem." As the day wore on, a steady procession of patients made their way into exam rooms, worried about menopause, stuffy sinuses, colds caught from grandchildren, and all that ails retirees in late December. Just before lunch, an 86-year-old man edged his way into an exam room, dividing his weight between his cane and his wife. "Yesterday, I felt like I couldn't breath," he said. "I can't leave the house. I get too tired." I'd been warned that I would help take the history on this patient, and I was planning out my questions. A pulmonary complaint - "I can't breath" -- elicit a standard list, designed to distinguish heart failure from pneumonia from various other ailments - when did the shortness of breath start? Had he noticed he was more tired recently when he walked or exercised? Did he sleep with lots of pillows to prop him up when he slept? Did he feel pain in his chest when he inhaled? Exhaled? My mind was racing. The doctor, meanwhile, was interested in golf. "Do you get out on the greens at all?," he asked. The patient sighed. "No, I'll fall down, can't walk that far. I'm too tired. I can't breath." After asking the patient's wife to leave the room, the doctor told him to undress.

Analysis of Ethics and Values Essay

Values are defined as things that are important and of some value for others. Values are of utmost importance while formulating vision. Importance of value is not just for individuals but organizations also emphasize greatly on its core values and even their vision is consistent with the values of the organization. All the decisions about right and wrong are based on the values that an individual or organization has. Thus it is said that values are the rules that one follows both in personal and professional life. Value shows what is right and what is wrong whereas doing what is right or wrong is determined by ethics. When one says that behave ethically, they mean behave in the right way. (Portman, 2010). By ethics we mean certain standards of conduct that shows how one should behave and fulfill the duties and responsibilities Professional Values and Ethics: Professional values and ethics refer to set of standards of conduct that supports the prestige of various professions that exist in the society. These set of principles indicate that how a particular professional group should behave in the society and what personal qualities they need to develop and in what way they are supposed to communicate at the workplace as well as with others in the society. For example for scientists moral principles involve integrity and patriotism. Justice and sincerity are the ethics for judiciary. Professional ethics become an important part of an organization because it increases the productivity of the organization as it indicates the way people should communicate with each other and the way they should carry out their responsibilities. Ethics for Military Organization Everyone agrees to the fact that integrity, honesty and moral conduct are important elements in a good human being but what people don’t agree is that these standards are applied equally for both personal and professional lives. An employee thinks that as long as his task are fulfilled, his employer should not care about his private conduct and he has all the rights to drinks, cheat take drugs or whatever he wants to do in his personal life. This may be true for the civilian sector but in the military there is different view. They do not tolerate drugs or alcohol. They do not allow sexual involvement with others in the workplace and severe punishments are given for dishonesty. Senior leaders say that for them private and public line are erased they cannot do what they want to do even in private as they answerable for the entire act that they do in private life as well. Military Ethics and Ethical Concepts: Military ethics refers to the code of conduct of military personnel while performing military activities. This concept of military ethics revolves around three sub concepts. The first concept refers to suitable behavior of individual for their profession, proper understanding of their standard mission and the assignments given to them and the right manner through which they can achieve their missions. The second concept underlines the suitable conduct of the military which is based on the fact that military members belong to a specific profession. The third concept specifies proper conduct of military members as a citizen of a free society where people are expected to respect the dignity of humans and adhering to the values of the democratic society. Professionalism Concept: Military ethics is based on complete professionalism which identifies the military members as professionals. Just as all other professionals are expected to perform their duties in a certain manner; the same military members are also required to adhere to the values and principles of the society. Conception of Owing: There are three Os on which the military ethics rely. These include; owing, ordering and to ought. Military officers are indebted to a lot of people such as country people, their families and comrades therefore they should realize that it is a selfless service. Conception of Ordering: Concept of ordering is also very important in military ethics. It is about priorities and moral structures. For example a top ranking officer knows that there is certain defect in a weapon that military requires badly, should the military officer reveal this information to the committee which is analyzing the weapon or he should withhold this information and go ahead in getting the weapon for his men. Here the question of ethics and priority comes. Conception of Obligations: This means what military members ought to do. According to military ethics, soldiers are expected to obey all the orders of the seniors promptly. But sometimes this happen that these orders raise ethical question therefore the military men are usually stuck between obeying the command or doing what is right and needs to be done.

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Government Hospital and Free Health Care

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Government and Privat Hospital and Free Health Care – Essay Every government provides services for their citizens. One of the key areas governments focus their attention on is public health care. Citizens have the benefit of receiving free health care services whenever they need it. Yet, everything that is provided for free has its drawbacks. There are disadvantages as well as advantages associated with free health care services provided by governments for their citizens. Firstly, with the anticipation of free health services, there is a high likelihood of poor quality of services. According to the Ministry of Health’s Strategic Plan 2011-2015, Fiji has one of the lowest total health expenditure as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) when compared to other Pacific Island countries. As a result of a lack of finances, it can be expected that health services and products may not be of high quality. Moreover, cheaper and less effective medication may be given in place of quality and effective drugs. It should not be expected that citizens have the best quality of health services due to the limited budget and expenditure of the ministry. Another disadvantage of free health care is the shortage of doctors and nurses. The Minister of Health (Fiji), Dr Neil Sharma said that doctor shortages were a common occurrence in every part of the world and Fiji was no exception (Malo 2011, p. 5). For instance, at Rakiraki Hospital one doctor looks after over ten thousand people and only three doctors cater for the twenty-nine thousand population of Tavua (Malo 2011, p. 5). From this information it can be seen that the doctor to patient ratio is very low. Thirdly, free health care services leads to overcrowding in hospitals. With the availability of free medical services, citizens have the opportunity to make the most use of the services provided to them and this in turn leads to overcrowding. It is an all too common site to see long queues and frustrated patients at the outpatient section of major hospitals (Fiji Times Online 2008). Many people wait for hours before they are seen as the hospitals are just not large enough to cater for them all. With the large population of Fiji, it is not surprising that overcrowding occurs in hospitals. However, free health care services have many advantages as well. Governments spend a lot of time, money and resources in providing health care services and it is only after carefully examining the benefits that these services are provided. The advantages that will be considered include benefit to all classes of people, the continual improvement of healthcare services and the reduction and control of disease outbreaks. Equally important to consider are the advantages of free health services. Free health services benefit all classes of people especially the poor and needy who cannot afford expensive treatments offered at private hospitals and those citizens who do not have health insurance. In Fiji, the healthcare system is mainly financed through general taxation (Ministry of Health Strategic Plan 2011-2015, p. 11). The revenue collected from taxation is based on income levels and the ability of the individual to pay. Consequently, the poor families benefit greatly from this service as they get the most out of it. In addition, another advantage to consider is that the government continually improves its services. Citizens benefit greatly from the improved health services governments provide. According to the Minister of Health, Dr Neil Sharma, the ministry’s foremost objective is to strengthen primary healthcare services in the country. The Permanent Secretary for Health, Dr Salanieta Saketa added that one major target for the ministry is to improve the delivery of primary healthcare services (Ministry of Health Annual Corporate Plan 2011, pp. 3-4). The Fiji government also spends a substantial amount on educating and training health professions (Panda 2003, p. 37). These are only a few of the many ways the government is improving the healthcare system. Finally, free health services help to reduce and control disease outbreaks. Those individuals who are carriers of infectious diseases are treated and cared for. For example, the Ministry of Health has sections dealing with HIV and AIDS, adolescent and reproductive health, oral health and non-communicable diseases to name a few. Information is also provided on these diseases and prevention. These services are very beneficial to the itizens and the nation as a whole as it stops the risk of spreading the illness to the entire population. Free health services are indeed beneficial for the entire population. In conclusion, free health services provided by governments have its disadvantages and advantages. Although there are disadvantages to this service, in some ways, the advantages do outweigh the disadvantages. Governments do recognise the need for poor and needy families’ access to healthcare services and also know that in order to cater for their citizens needs, they must continually improve their health services. Governments also recognise the need to control or if possible eliminate the outbreak of infectious diseases in order to protect the entire population. The government has done a great job in providing the citizens with healthcare services and this can be improved by allocating more finances to the health sector. With these in play, it is safe to say that the free health care services governments provide have great advantages for their citizens.

Bowen Family Systems, Structural, and Strategic Models Essay

Bowen Family Systems, Structural, and Strategic Models Theory Application The case study of Ana will be analyzed using the Bowen Family Systems Theory Approach. Bowen Family Systems Theory is a theory of human behavior that views the family as an emotional unit and uses systems thinking to describe the complex interactions in the unit (Kerr, 2000). This paper will discuss the concepts of the theory that is appropriate for this case study; the reason this theory was chosen over the other ones; counseling goals and intervention strategies in accomplishing those goals; and designation of short or long term counseling. This paper will also discuss the counselor’s role with Ana; the client’s role in counseling; the population this theory is most appropriate for as well as addressing the social and cultural needs of the client; any additional information that might be helpful to know about this case; and what are the risks, if any, of using this approach. What concepts of the theory make it the most appropriate for the client in the case study? Include at least five concepts. There are five concepts that would make this theory appropriate for the client in the case study. The first concept in this Bowen Family Systems Theory Approach is triangles. What is a triangle? According to Kerr (2000), a triangle is a three-person relationship system. This triangle is a part of a bigger emotional system because a triangle is the smallest stable relationship system. These triangles involve, according to Murdock (2013), two people that are the â€Å"in† group and one person that is the â€Å"outside† group. Triangles form when the anxiety levels rise in a relationship or family (Titelman, 2008). Individuals (or families) with low levels of differentiation are more likely to triangle because more emotion is involved (Kerr, 1981). As a counselor, it is best to pay attention to your client and if they seem to react repeatedly to others, then you can suspect that a triangle has been activated (Murdock, 2013). As for Ana, there is a triangle  that has formed here. She is worried about surviving without her husband being around and figuring out how to make things meet because she is unemployed. The second concept of this theory is differentiation of self. According to Murdock (2013), differentiation deals with the individual as well as the family; however, according to Kerr (2000), the differences between an individual and family reflect the different levels of differentiation to self. A person who has low levels of differentiation are said to react and adjust their way of thinking to better suit the situation that they are in (Kerr, 2000). A person who has a high level of differentiation can keep their cool when conflicts arise (Kerr, 2000). Bowen (1978), refers a low-differentiated individual’s tendency to fuse as a â€Å"common self with others† and is most clearly seen in intimate relationships such as marriages. Titelman (2008), spoke of a pattern called underfunctioning-overfunctioning dynamic where the weaker individual in the family system is the weaker of the two and is more likely to develop symptoms. Ana is the weaker individual in the family since she does not have a job and she feels worried about how to continue with her life. She is hopeless and does not know what to do (Grand Canyon University, 2014). The third concept in this theory is the Nuclear Family Emotional Process. According to Kerr (2000), this concept describes four basic relationship patterns that govern where problems develop in a family. The four problems are marital conflict; dysfunction in one spouse; impairment of one or more children; and emotional distance. In a marital conflict, according to Kerr (2000), as family tension increases and the spouses get more anxious, each spouse ends up focusing on the negative issues about each other. In a dysfunction in one spouse problem, according to Kerr (2000), one spouse pressures the other spouse to think and act one way and then the other spouse yields to that pressure. If anxiety levels rise in these problems, psychiatric, medical, or social dysfunction may develop (Kerr, 2000). In impairment of one or more children problems, according to Kerr (2000), the spouses focus their anxieties on one or more of their children and the children focus their anxiety on them which can ultimately impair school performance, social relationships, and even health (Kerr, 2000). In emotional distance problems, according to Kerr (2000), people distances themselves from others to reduce the intensity of the relationship, but risk  isolation from each other. The fourth concept of this theory is the family projection process. This concept describes the primary way parents transmit their emotional problems to a child (Kerr, 2000). This process can impair the functioning of one or more children and can increase their clinical symptoms. Some problems that children inherit from their parents include the need for attention and approval; difficulty dealing with expectations; the tendency to blame oneself or others; feeling responsible for the happiness of others or that others are responsible for one’s own happiness; and acting impulsively to relieve the anxiety of the moment rather than tolerating anxiety and acting thoughtfully (Kerr, 2000). Parents have different roles in this process: mothers are the primary caretakers and experience more emotional involvement with one or more child and fathers experience the outside of the triangle, except in high level of tensions among the mother and child (children) (Kerr, 2000). Even though Ana’s son is only one years old, problems may arise in him later on in life because of the problems going on at home right now and with the father being deployed. The fifth concept of this theory is multigenerational transmission process. This process describes how small differences in the levels of differentiation between parents and their offspring lead over many generations to marked differences in differentiation among the members of a multigenerational family (Kerr, 2000). Why did you choose this theory over the others? The Family Systems Theory was chosen for the evaluation of Ana’s case study because this theory focuses on the family not just the individual alone. Even though Ana went in for a counseling session alone, there are underlying issues that most likely involve her family as well. What will be the goals of counseling and what intervention strategies are used to accomplish those goals? The goal of the Bowen Family Systems Theory (BFST) is to help an individual or individuals separate from the family (Titelman, 2008). According to Murdock (2013), an individual must remember that this separation does not mean that he or she needs to cut their family from their life. This theory should help an individual alter the way they reactive in relationships and change the way they handle stress (Murdock, 2013). There is an intervention strategy that can help accomplish the goal of the BFST. This strategy is process questioning. According to Murdock (2013), the questions that are asked help an individual avoid the emotion that is associated with content questions. Is the theory designed for short- or long-term counseling? The BFST is designed for long-term counseling. Treatment of an individual can potentially take years to complete, however, it does depend on the individual and well they advance and overcome their treatment goals (Withers, 2012). What will be the counselor’s role with this client? A BFST counselor remains detriangled in this type of counseling session by presenting themselves as objectively and unemotionally (Kerr, 1981; Murdock, 2013). The counselor is there to teach the client about the operation of family systems (Murdock, 2013). In order to effectively treat an individual, according to Murdock (2013), a counselor should undergo their own BFST therapy himself. What is the client’s role in counseling? In a BFST counseling session, a client is assigned the task of journeying home to observe family interactions; put the principles that were learned into effect; and change how he or she interacts with the family (Murdock, 2013). For what population(s) is this theory most appropriate? How does this theory address the social and cultural needs of the client? BFST is contrary to the norms of many cultures because they tend to support separation of individuals and families (Murdock, 2013). BFST approaches cannot really treat close-knit Latino families or African-American families because of their close family relationships with one another (Sue & Sue, 2008; Falicov & Brudner-White, 1983). What additional information might be helpful to know about this case? Some additional information that might be helpful to know about this case is how Ana feels about bringing her family in to counseling sessions to see if there are any underlying issues that need to be resolved. What may be a  risk in using this approach? After researching this theory, â€Å"some aspects of this theory seem to be operationalizable and testable† (Murdock, 2013, p. 451). Even empirical tests of the BFST have produced promising results in areas such as relationships among differentiation; anxiety; relationship satisfaction; and psychological dysfunction (Murdock, 2013; Miller, Anderson, & Keala, 2004). Bowen’s prediction of individuals choosing partners with similar levels of differentiation received mixed results in the literature, with studies confirming and others disconfirming (Murdock, 2013; Day, St, Clair, & Marshall, 1997; Greene & Mabee, 1992; Kosek). However, when BFST is dealt with family or couples processes, research is less supportive. The Bowen Family Systems Theory was the theory chosen for this paper to analyze the case study of Ana. This paper discussed the concepts of the theory that is appropriate for this case study; the reason this theory was chosen over the other ones; counseling goals and intervention strategies in accomplishing those goals; and designation of short or long term counseling. This paper also discussed the counselor’s role with Ana; the client’s role in counseling; the population this theory is most appropriate for as well as addressing the social and cultural needs of the client; any additional information that might be helpful to know about this case; and what are the risks, References Bowen, M. (1978). Family therapy in clinical practice. New York: Jason Aronson. Day, H. D., St. Clair, S., & Marshall, D. D. (1997). Do people who marry really have the same level of differentiation of self? Journal of Family Psychology, 11 doi: 10.1037//0893-3200.11.1.131 Falicov, C.J., & Brudner-White, L. (1983). The shifting family triangle: The issue of cultural and contextual relativity. In J.C. Hansen & C.J. Falicov (Eds.). Cultural perspectives in family therapy. Rockville, MD: Aspen Systems. Greene, G.J., & Mabee, T. F. (1992). Differentiation of self and marital adjustment of clinical and nonclinical spouses. In B.J. Brothers (Ed.), Couples therapy, multiple perspectives: In search of universal threads. New York: Haworth Press. Grand Canyon University (2014). Case study analysis. Kerr, M.E. (1981). Family systems theory and therapy. In A.S. Gurman & D.P. Kniskern (Eds.), Handbook of family therapy. New York: Brunner/Mazel. Kerr, Michael E. (2000). One Family’s Story: A Primer on Bowen Theory. The Bowen Center for the Study of the Family. Retrieved from http://www thebowencenter.org/theory Miller, R.B., Anderson, S., & Keala, D.K. (2004). Is Bowen theory valid? A review of basic research. Journal if Marital and Family Therapy, 30, doi: 10.1111/j.1752.0606.2004.tb01255.x Murdock, N. (2013). Theory Is a Good Thing. In Theories of counseling and psychotherapy: A case approach (Third ed., p. 4). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: rill/Prentice Hall. Sue, D. W., & Sue, D. (2008). Counseling the culturally diverse: Theory and practice (5th Ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Titelman, P. (2008). The concept of the triangle in Bowen theory: An overview. In P. Titelman (Ed.), Triangles: Bowen family systems theory perspectives New York: Routledge. Withers, R. (2012). A comparative study of Bowenian system theory and cognitive-behavioral family therapy. Retrieved from http://www.counselinginsite.com

Difference of Drama and Prose fiction

Often times, drama has been confused with prose fiction by several people. As a student of literature, I have seen so many people confuse the two together. Sometimes they say; â€Å"it’s all the same†. The question is this true? If not, what are the differences between them? These are the question that I will attempt to answer in this essay. For the purpose of clarity and precision, It will suffice to make an overview at what literature itself is.Literature can be seen as the collection of written works of a specific language, at a particular time, in a given culture which might be imaginative or creative in nature and is usually of specific artistic worth. Every society has its own literature but they are in different levels. Some are advanced while some are not. The basic genres of literature are drama, poetry, prose but in this essay, restriction will be on drama and prose fiction. Drama as a genre of literature is the detailed style of fiction characterized by acts. The etymology is from a Greek work which means â€Å"action† or â€Å"to do†.On the other hand, prose fiction is also a genre of literature that deals with writings that differ in meter and rhyme to poetry. It is a form of writing that has a lot of similarity to our everyday speech. The question here is what differentiates these two genres of literature? How can we separate both when we see them? The answers to these questions are enumerated below in the following paragraphs. The first difference between drama and literature likes in the fact that drama is meant for a live performance which is directed at a live audience.This is better portrayed in some words associated with drama such as words like play and show. On the other hand, a prose fiction is directed by the author to a single person at a time- the person reading the work. Another difference is that drama communicates in the present while prose does not. Also, in drama, the personality of the playwright is mo stly hidden in the sense that there are several characters in the work while in the case of prose fiction, the author selects the character and therefore, this personality might reflect in his work.Furthermore, in drama the actor impersonates a role while in prose fiction the character imitates the person. In the case of drama, the entire thing the playwright has in presenting the story is the dialogue while in prose fiction the dialogue is imitated language that does not carry the plot forward. Another difference in drama and prose fiction lies in the fact that in drama, in order to make the audience understand the play better, gestures are used. On the other hand, in the case of prose fiction, what the author manipulates the text in order for the reader to better understand the work.In addition, in drama, the audience decides what mode they will be although the dramatists have an influence over the mode but they can not alter the mode. In prose fiction, the author decides the mode , setting, the character and what he wants the reader to know. Summarily, it should be noted that although these two genres of literature have sharp differences, they both come from the same family and they both serve as means of entertainment and means of communication.