Private Peaceful Essay

Have you ever felt like a character in the book that you are reading? Some authors write in such a way that makes the reader feel as if he or she were actually in the book. Michael Morpurgo is one of those authors. In Private Peaceful, he uses characterization, imagery, and setting to really help the reader understand and relate to the plot. Characterization plays a key role in making the reader relate to the plot. For example, in the beginning of the book, Tommy feels as if he does not belong in society. He is also dependent on Charlie and looks up to him to protect him and guide him through life. But, towards the end of the story, Tommy becomes completely independent and matures into a young, confident soldier. The situation shows the reader how war changes people not only on the outside but also on the inside. Another example is the friendship between Molly, Charlie, and Tommy. They had a deep friendship all through their early years and into their teens. Morpurgo then developed that friendship into a relationship between Molly and Charlie. This eventually excludes Tommy from the group and adds to the fact that he does not belong. The reader can relate to this if they have ever been excluded from a group or ever had a girl that they loved stolen form them. Another literary element that makes the reader connect to the book is setting. The setting is very detailed. The Peacefuls’ live in Hatherleigh, England which is near the southern part the United Kingdom. When Morpurgo describes where they live, the reader gains a picture of the setup of the town. He describes the house as an old cottage home which is next to a large hill. On top of that hill, the Colonel, the man that Tommy and Charlie’s mother works for and the man that owns their house, lives in his mansion. This provides an image that the reader can use throughout the story. Another example of where they live is the creek that lies just at the bottom of the hill where Molly, Charlie, and Tommy fished for trout when they were younger. This helps the reader connect situations to the picture that they already have of the layout of Hatherleigh. The setting then moves to France where Charlie and Tommy get thrown into the war. Morpurgo paints a mental picture of the setting as their bunker is right in front of no-man’s land and the enemy right on the other side of no-man’s land. He does this so the  reader has an understanding of how close the enemy is to Tommy. The final literary element used in this book is imagery. Morpurgo uses visual, auditory, and olfactory imagery in the book. He uses auditory when Charlie, Tommy, Hanley, and the rest of the squad are sitting in the bunker and Hanley is ordering them to make a break for it but Charlie ignores the order and the rest of the squad moves with Hanley. Morpurgo depicts the rattling of the machine guns and the screams of the soldiers that were cut short. The visual imagery is used when the wall of Germans are coming over no-man’s land. He describes the German’s as an invincible wall that cannot be penetrated until he sees the Germans’ falling to their knees and falling over. This helps the reader see the wall and the Germans’ falling to their knees. Olfactory imagery is used when he is in the bunkers in France. Tommy smells men that have not taken showers in weeks and the stench of death. The reader now has an understanding of what war and death smells like. This makes the reader feel as if he or she were in Paris. The literary elements in the story bring the whole story together. The characterization, imagery, and setting makes the reader connect to the book and not just understand it. This book really explains the cost of war on cities as well as the people in it.

Nanotechnology in Sports Science and Equipment in China

CAES 2802 essay Nanotechnology in sports science and equipment in China Have you ever wondered why the tennis racket you are using is so flexible yet durable to withstand the force of swings? Or why does that tight vest you are wearing seem so thin yet provide excellent protection and warmth even in the coldest weather? Nanotechnology has been a rapidly advancing technology in the preceding decade, and is expected to be growing enormously in various aspects in the coming future.The potential of nano-tech extends far, and gives promising results in sciences and medicine, and of course, the many sports equipment we are currently using. What is nano-tech? All matters are made up of tiny particles, called atoms, and their properties are directly determined by these small particles, their strength, colours, textures†¦ Nanotechnology is a science which aims at directly making products in that atomic level, and therefore, we can directly decide what properties of that material we want. For example, we want a light and strong material to make our sports rackets, and we found that carbon is the best building blocks and we invented many different kinds of materials, including carbon nanotube we always hear about. And these are collectively known as nanomaterial. Numerous researches have been conducted in both China and Hong Kong. China government has invested large amount of funds into the field of nano technology. Since 1999, China's spending on  research and development  (R;D) has gone up by more than 20% each year and a further funding of ? 12 billion has been invested in 20121.And over 30,863 patents on nano technology was established since 2008 and the number of nanotechnology related science publications in China has ranked second in the world, surpassed only by the USA2. These statistics all showed that China is closing gap between frontier countries and determined to have a large chuck of profit from this big cake. Back to the science itself, nanomaterial has been used on different sports equipment. For example, the tennis racket Roger Federer using is made with nano-titanium oxide, a very strong and light material, inside a matrix of carbon fiber composite3.This makes their tennis racket extremely light and durable. What properties of nanomaterial constitute to these favourable characters? Most materials’ properties are governed by how the atoms align themselves within the material, we call it the matrix. Normal materials will have dislocations among those aligned atoms and may result in weaknesses, however, nanomaterials have their atoms aligned in necklaces form and the boundaries between those â€Å"necklaces† becomes smaller and the material becomes stronger and, since spaces are conserved, lighter as well4.Aside from this principle, scientists have also managed to place small particles within the matrix and making it more compact, for example, YONEX has succeeded in penetrating nano-scale particles between the ca rbon atoms, resulting in their rackets produced having 30% more strength and 10% more durability3. Despite these advantages, there are still risks of these nanomaterial having negative impacts to people’s health and their safety is yet to be 100% confirmed to be free of harm.Many countries have already passed legislations that regulate the uses of these nanomaterials. The Europe Commission has adopted a so called â€Å"incremental approach†, which aims at using existing legislations to tackle with the problems of the possible risks of nanomaterial5. And after several studies, the European Commission is considering the possibility of â€Å"reexamining and, if necessary lowering the current 1 ton per annum threshold† for engineered nanoparticles (European Commission, Health and Consumer Protection Directorate General, 2004).Furthermore, the Royal Society and Royal Academy of Engineering has suggested that nanomaterials should be treated as a new substance under ex isting chemicals regulation laws, which state that those newly invented materials should be carefully assessed and classified5. The nanomaterial can be classified into the two types we have mentioned: materials that are nanostructured in bulk, and materials with nanoparticles within. It is the latter type of nanomaterial that is potentially hazardous to human beings.The nano particles, which are not necessarily tightly bound to the material itself, will easily leak out and cause health impact to human beings. Also, many sports equipment, such as baseball bat contains carbon nanotubes and after disposal, may produce toxic gases with tiny carbon particles during waste treatment3. These are all possible ways of nanomaterial imposing harms to our health and should not be overlooked. Meanwhile in China, there is no legislation or regulatory means to assess those hazards from nanomaterial.China has been urged to carry out extensive safety studies and tighten regulation of its thriving nan otechnology industry. Zhao Yuliang, deputy director of the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ National Centre for Nano-science and Technology (NCNST), has stated that â€Å"We certainly don’t want safety issues to become a trade barrier for nano-based products,† he said. â€Å"The main challenge is to tease out what characteristics make some nanoparticles hazardous. † Although China is fast behind those science giants like USA, they still have much more to do before they can be praised as a scientifically advanced country.Meanwhile the USA is spending half of its fund on nanotechnology for safety studies; China only spends a mere 3 percent. And most of the public is unconcerned about this matter, according to a survey conducted by Dalian University6. Nanotechnology is a marvelous science created by mankind, it has promised extensive uses in all kinds of field, and like all other technologies, it has its risks and danger. China, in the future, has much to catch up with, and should bear a more attentive and cautious attitude towards developing this kind of new material.Especially when those products are so widely used in sports, where there are frequent contacts with human beings. Reference List 1. Tom M. China’s giant step into nanotech. The Guardian [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2013 April 19]. Available from: â€Å"http://www. guardian. co. uk/technology/2009/mar/26/nanotechnology-china† 2. Can Huang, Yilin Wu. State-led Technological Development: A Case of China’s Nanotechnology Development. EPIP 2011, Proceedings of The 6th Annual Conference of the EPIP Association, 2011. Brussels, Belgium: EPIP; p. -4 3. Chuyan Li, Xinliang Liu, Sijin Meng, Yanfen Xiao. â€Å"Study on application and biosafety of nano-materials in sports engineering†. IEEE 2011. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Conference on Future Computer Science and Education, 2011. Hong Kong, China: IEEE; p. 1-4 4. Brown University, NanoTechnology: New principle in material science discovered. ScienceDaily [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2013 April 19]. Available from : â€Å"http://www. sciencedaily. com/releases/2010/04/100407134817. htm† 5.Antonio Franco, Steffen Foss Hansen, Stig Irving Olsen, Luciano Butti, Limits and prospects of the â€Å"incremental approach† and the European legislation on the management of risks related to nanomaterials, Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, Volume 48, Issue 2, July 2007, Pages 171-183, ISSN 0273-2300, 10. 1016/j. yrtph. 2007. 03. 007. Available from http://www. sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S0273230007000372 6. Jane Qiu. Nao-safety Urged in China. Nature [internet] 2012. [cited 2013 April 18]. Available from : â€Å"http://www. nature. com/news/nano-safety-studies-urged-in-china-1. 11437†

Learning Team Deliverable Essay

Measuring Domestic Output and National Income – Ch. 24 Topics comfortable Kris is comfortable with the concept of gross domestic product (GDP) as it is the dollar value of goods and services in a country during a set period. Walter is comfortable with the GDP concept and understands that is the economic thermometer of the country’s current financial status. Topics Struggle Kris still has to wrap his head around nominal GDP and real GDP when it comes to the GDP Price Index. So calculating real GDP is dividing nominal GDP by the price index. What is the difference between real GDP and nominal GDP? Walter also struggles with the concept of nominal GDP, and how it interacts with inflation. If GDP goes up and inflation goes down†¦it seems to be my understanding of the formula for calculating the nominal GDP that is holding me back. Application of topic GDP is fluctuates with whatever final good or service is bought by a customer. Living through life affects the GDP. If the GDP declines for too long, economists normally label the economy as being in a recession. Business Cycles, Unemployment and Inflation – Ch. 26 Topics comfortable Kris is comfortable with the different business cycles and measurement of unemployment. These items also affect the GDP. Walter is comfortable with the different symptoms of a recession, a period of decline lasting more than six months in total output. Of which high unemployment rates is another tell of a recession. Topics struggle Kris struggles with the concept of inflation and how it affects money today compared to money values in the past. Walter is struggling with defining a recession’s severity. Two examples given were the Great Depression and the recent recession in the last few years, Is the intensity or length of time that the recession lasts that makes one more severe than the other? Application of topic The business cycle is very familiar in Kris’ organization as the company goes through yearly contractions and expansions based on the demand from consumers in the market. The business cycle is also something Walter is familiar with in the hotel industry. The hotel industry goes up and done depending the current state of the economy. The Aggregate Expenditure Model – Ch. 28 Topics comfortable Kris is comfortable with the concepts of equilibrium GDP and disequilibrium GDP. Equilibrium is the point where goods produced equals goods purchased. Disequilibrium is any situation where goods produced are greater than goods purchased and vice versa. Walter is comfortable with the concept of GDP equilibrium, The basic premise of this equilibrium being that supply meets demand. Topics struggle Kris did not struggle with any concepts in the chapter, as they were all straightforward and easy to understand. Walter struggled with the concept of disequilibrium and how often, or what circumstances causes this to happen. I assume it is the opposite of the equilibrium and that demand supply exceeds demand but do not feel comfortable enough with the concept to say for sure. Application of topic As such, Kris cannot think of a time where there was equilibrium GDP. In reality, consumer tastes vary and it would be difficult to reach equilibrium Walter thinks that when the economy is doing well the equilibrium can be met because consumers are finically settled to continue purchasing products and business continue to produce according to demand. Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply – Ch. 29 Topics comfortable Kris is comfortable with aggregate demand in which it shows the real GDP that consumers desire to purchase at different price levels. Aggregate supply shows the relationship between the price level and the output of producers. Walter is comfortable with the concept of aggregate demand, and how consumer spending and government investments play into that calculation. As prices increases, consumer demand decreases and vice versa. Topics struggle Kris did not struggle with any concepts in this chapter. Walter struggled with understanding why aggregate supply is not affected by price levels. Application of topic Supply and demand is central to the market and economics in general. Consumer tastes always affect supply and demand. When the economy is bad and underemployment is high the demand for hig priced products decreases. Fiscal Policy, Deficits, and Debt – Ch. 30 Topics comfortable Kris is comfortable with fiscal policy, deficits, and debt as it affects his organization. Market rates are affected by the fiscal policy of the government. More or less spending affects the company’s contraction or expansion. Walter is comfortable with the concept that the fiscal debt and deficit show the governments current financial state. Topics struggle Kris struggles with the concept of automatic or built-in stabilizers. As the text states that a built-in stabilizer is something that increases the government’s budget, what kind of items constitute as a built-in stabilizer? Walter did not struggle with any of the general concepts in chapter 30. Application of topic The budget deficit affects all citizens as the government does not wisely use the tax payer’s funds properly. There is a lot of waste that keep the  government in debt. Walter notes that when the fiscal debt is higher so are taxes and fines. The misspending of the government is then the burden of the people.

Media Affect on Violence in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Media Affect on Violence in America - Essay Example Third, violence in the media helps us to understand the nature of violence and why we should avoid it. Violence is part of our lives. For hundreds of years, it has always been part of human entertainment. Even before television, movies, the internet and the entire media system has been created, people from all over the world have been entertaining themselves with plays and sports that involve bloodshed. Early recorded history of the Egyptians show that these people has been re-enacting the killing of their god Orisis (Shaw, Ian (2003). Ancient Romans also have their share of violent entertainment. Gladiator games which involve bloodshed were very popular around 380 B.C (Adkins, Lesley; Roy Adkins (1998). This sport drew the people to the coliseum and spur economic activities. Yes, the whole idea of people screaming with ecstasy as one gladiator raises his blooded sword while the other fall bleeding on the ground seems barbaric but we cannot deny the fact that fascination of the people on the bloody gladiator sports did help shape the Roman culture and economy at that time. Since the ancient times, our fascination on violence and bloodshed has changed much. People are still fascinated with bloodshed and violence and this made violent films very profitable nowadays. According to boxofficemoj.com and filmsite.org, 8 out of top 10 box office hits of all seasons have explicitly violent scenes in them. At number one of the list is Titanic, which grossed $600.8 million to dat,e featured the violent struggle between the two leading men in the film (www.boxofficemojo.com). In number two of the list is Dark Knight which grossed $528.6 million featured even more violent scenes with lots of explosives and fire power (www.boxofficemojo.com). Even the supposedly innocent movie "Shek" which is designed for young viewers and is at number four on the list of all time box office hits has some violent

FINANCIAL REPORTING & ANALYSIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

FINANCIAL REPORTING & ANALYSIS - Essay Example ent by taking into consideration the concepts of capital maintenance and also analyse the general purpose of financial statements while considering the information provided in the key components of financial statements. In a wide systems-based perspective, an organisation is part of a much broader social system: the entity is presumed to be persuaded by, and, in effect, to have power on, the society wherein it operates (RudÃ… ¾ionienÄâ€" 2006, p. 52). Therefore, an organisation must pay attention to the expectation of specific users of accounting information so as to gratify the interests of all users (customers, employees, suppliers, capital providers, all users, regulators and foreign suppliers and customers) in order to acquire information for their decision-making. Stakeholders need truthful and informative accounting information for them to make the accurate decisions (RudÃ… ¾ionienÄâ€" 2006, p. 52). Enterprise’s financial accounting regulation (as an entity of accounting methods, principles and rules used for accounting and preparing and presenting financial statements) making process, according to Deegan (2003, p. 19) is vital, not just for the firm’s management, but for stak eholders, as well, who utilise the financial accounting data. Nevertheless, there is an inverse relation in that stakeholder’s interests might persuade a firm’s financial accounting law-making. The key elements of financial accounting law-making, according to Deaconu, Nistor, & Popa (2009, p. 40) are financial accounting policy selection, as well as its full disclosure in financial statements. The full disclosure financial accounting policy in financial statements is significant for stakeholders, as well: financial statements must be made, not just for regulators and investors, but also for other significant and non-significant stakeholders in order for a company to feel accountable in the community or society where it performs. Stakeholders require truthful and informative accounting

The Human Rights Act 1998 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Human Rights Act 1998 - Essay Example For justice to be rendered impartially, while at the same time ensuring the protection of human and fundamental rights of the individual, an independent Judiciary is required. The total confidence of the public in the capability of the Judiciary to function in this manner is essential. In order to protect the individual against the abuses of power, the principle of the independence of the Judiciary was formulated. Hence, it is the duty of the judges to apply the law without any bias, further, this entails applying the relevant domestic and international human rights law1. In addition to independent and impartial judges, a strong, impartial and just legal system requires independent and impartial prosecutors with an iron resolution to investigate and bring to justice individuals who have committed crimes against humanity, even if these perpetrators are persons acting in an official capacity. There is a very real danger of a culture of impunity taking hold, which will only serve to widen the gap between the general population and the authorities, if judges and prosecutors do not discharge their functions impartially. Whenever justice is not available, people will explore other avenues to secure the same for themselves and this leads to people taking the law into their own hands. Such a trend results in the promotion of violent outbreaks and deterioration of law and order2. The above discussion ca... The English Administrative Law is based entirely on this doctrine. The phrase Rule of Law was derived from the French phrase la principle de legalite, which means a Government based on principles of law and not of men. It was invoked against the authoritarian rule of the Crown. The Rule of Law was propounded by A.V. Dicey, the English Jurisprudent. He defined the Rule of Law as 'Rule of Law means the absolute supremacy of predominance of regular Law as opposed to the influence of arbitrary power and excludes the existence of arbitraryness or prerogative, or even wide discretionary authority on the part of the Government'. Dicey also said that 'English men are ruled by the Law, and by the Law alone, a man with us may be punishable for a breach of the Law, but can be punished for nothing else'. As such, the doctrine of rule of law was developed and brought into prominence in British Legal system by A.V. Dicey. Dicey's exposition of the Rule of Law can be described as the locus classicu s conception of this contentious theory. Albeit, one hundred and eighteen years old, all the same it occupies a position central to formalist accounts, epitomizing a viewpoint that is both Whiggish in origin, yet thoroughly modern in application. His ubiquitous slogans are all too familiar: no man is punishable except for a distinct breach of the law; all men are equal before the law and The Constitution is a product of the ordinary law3. Right from the dawn of civilization Humanity had yearned for respect, tolerance and equality. Although societies have in many aspects made great strides in the technological, political, social and economic fields, contemporary grievances have remained unchanged from thousands of years. As

Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Argument - Essay Example This paper will examine the perception towards slum tourism through literature exploration (Eveline & Rivke, p 113.) In the slum, setting there is nothing that is called garbage. Everyone in the slum wants a better life, Critics argue out the slums are exploitative, and they do not have a place in ethical travelers` itinerary. Professor David Fenell, at Brock University in Ontario, questioned the fact that the tourists visit places to take pictures and observe the lifestyles of the slum residents. He believes that the main purpose of slum tourism is to make the westerners feel better of their lifestyle in comparison to the slum habitants. They feel lucky on their life situation in comparison them. However, the proponents of slum tourism argue that ignoring poverty will not take it away. Slum tourism helps them to understand what poverty means. The big issue is how to conduct it (The New York Times, 2008) There conceptual ambiguity in slum tourism is based on a failure to set specific goals of tourism. The exact thing that attracts people during the tour in the slums and favelas is not precisely known (Manfred, p. 421). The use of poverty tourism indicates that poverty is the reason for the visits. The critiques argue that tours on the human wretchedness, infirmity, and unworthy living conditions should not be termed as a tourist attraction aspect. This issue has been largely fuelled by the mass media who present the pictures of such conditions. However, the proponents suggest that the word poverty tourism demonstrates the anticipated situation that propels them to go to slums (Eveline & Rivke, p 114.) Many organizers of slum tourism encourage active role-playing of the participants aimed at helping the residents. A church group in Mexico runs a tour of local garbage dumps where the scavengers collect trash to earn a living. In the tour, they make sandwiches and provide water in bottles for the scavenger.

Letter of Advice Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Letter of Advice Paper - Essay Example Intimacy or interpersonal interactions in relationships such as romantic attachments and marriage are challenging. There are various barriers that hinder effective interpersonal interactions. One of these barriers is the different personalities individuals possess. With diverse personality, comes diverse perception that may lead to discrepancies in relationships as each person views their opinion as the right one. A second approach one can take is in light of the standpoint theory. Standpoint theory argues that individuals see the world differently because of their unique positions in society. Such positions are subject to factors such as level of education, cultural background and most importantly the sex of an individual, in regard to romantic relations. With each person having a different point of view on matters that affect both parties in the relationship, there is a likelihood that conflict may arise. Wood (2012), on the other hand, sees individualism as a base through which pe rsons can be united. In her book â€Å"Interpersonal Communication: Everyday Encounters†, she reports that identifying ones partner as a unique entity is the first step to understanding their intimate self. However, couples should not reflect on individualism in view of society as standpoint theory emphasizes. Uniqueness should stem from the relationships pattern and rhythm. For instance, one may ask themselves, does this relationship maintain a unique vocabulary with which the parties interact? For instance, one individual may prefer opening up while the other prefers to sort out their issues on their own. The uniqueness of an individual may be a source of severed interpersonal interactions. However, interpersonal communication helps one realize that these differences are the reason why individuals attract each other (the opposites attract rule). Acknowledging partners uniqueness is just laying a foundation on which other relationship matters will rest in the future. Persona l communication competencies need to be put in the limelight at all times during interactions between couples. Communication competence is the ability of the communicator to achieve the intended goal of their message. Regardless of the situation, communication always has a goal. The communicator can either wants to express a feeling or inquire something. For a couple to enjoy fruitful interpersonal communication, the communicator should feel that their goals excel. The communicating parties, therefore, need to understand the meaning intended by each message in every situation. Effective communication requires that each person is flexible in view of the needs of their partner. Secondly, when holding a conversation it is imperative that appropriateness prevail even in the face of overwhelming emotions such as anger or disappointment (Deetz, 2011). Stanley A. Deetz in his text â€Å"Communication Yearbook 16† analysis a psychological approach proposed by Schutz back in the year 1966. According to Schutz there are three guiding interpersonal needs one can satisfy in order to understand their partner, improve their communication competencies and sustain an intimate relationship. First both parties need to maintain affection in all their interactions. Secondly, the messages should not be aloof, and one sided to facilitate inclusion. Finally, both the messenger and the person

Cloning in General and Ethics of Cloning Thesis

Cloning in General and Ethics of Cloning - Thesis Example Philosophers have a different point-of-views with regards to the practice of human cloning. In line with this, several philosophers such as the case of Julian Savulescu, Gregory E. Pence, and Nicholas Agar are in support of human cloning practices. On the other hand, philosophers like Leon Richard Kass strongly oppose the practice of biotechnology or human cloning. For instance, a Romania-Australian bioethicist and philosopher named Julian Savulescu published some of his writings in order to argue that the use of stem cell research should be highly promoted regardless of whether or not a person would consider an embryo as a human being. Savulescu argued that parents should be given the opportunity to choose the best child a married couple can have through the study of genetic information. Furthermore, Savulescu explained that the process of killing some embryos can be justifyiable given that the said action could benefit more people in the future (Wilkinson, Kahane and Horne; Kahane and Savulescu). Even though this particular biotechnology would mean killing an embryo or a fetus, Savulescu concludes that embryonic stem cell research should be justified because this process could eventually help the adults have more opportunity for tissue or organ transplantation whenever necessary.An expert in medical ethics and a philosophy professor at the University of Alabama in Birmingham named Gregory E. Pence is one of the few bioethicists who strongly supports the practice of human cloning (Pence).

Dietary(Nutritional) recommendations for Hypothyroidism (Underactive Essay

Dietary(Nutritional) recommendations for Hypothyroidism (Underactive Thyroid Gland) - Essay Example Both deficiency and excess of iodine are bad. Excess intake in a patient with underlying thyroid disease can cause full-blown thyroid dysfunction. 1.1mg daily iodine intake is recommended (Leung cited in Ede 2012). Levothyroxine is a thyroid hormone synthetically manufactured. It is used in patients with hypothyroidism. But, food-drug interactions are very important here because certain foods can decrease its absorption in the biological system. Soy flour, calcium juices or supplements, and dietary fiber can decrease absorption of levothyroxine. So after taking this thyroid hormone, these foods should be avoided for several hours. But, fasting is prohibited because prolonged fasting state can drastically increase thyroid hormone levels (Wickham 2013). Levothyroxine can also impair absorption of hypoglycemic drugs, so blood glucose levels should be carefully monitored (NLM 2009). For hypothyroidism, iodine supplements are mostly unnecessary since the introduction of iodized salt and f ood fortification unless one is living in a poverty-stricken or severely underdeveloped region. Though iodine supplements may still be required in some cases, levothyroxine is usually considered sufficient for safe treatment of hypothyroidism (Nippoldt 2012). Messina, M & Redmond, G 2006, ‘Effects of soy protein and soybean isoflavones on thyroid function in healthy adults and hypothyroid patients: a review of the relevant literature’, Thyroid, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 249-58. Nippoldt, TB 2012, ‘Can iodine supplements help regulate thyroid function in a person with hypothyroidism?’, viewed 12 May 2014,

Aggressive Parents, Aggressive Children Essay Example for Free

Aggressive Parents, Aggressive Children Essay Growing up, kids have a lot of influences in their life; from television to peers children will always absorb something. With this being said the biggest influence on a child would have to be the people there with the most- their family. Because this is unarguably true, it would then be fair to then assume that parental/ sibling aggression could have a big impact on future relationships caused by development. What is aggression one may ask? Aggression is a hostile, injurious, destructive behaviour or outlook especially when caused by frustration. Human development would be everything that happened from the moment a child thinks for the first time, then. Sigmund Freud was one psychologist who theorizes that those who have experienced trauma from aggression in the home will often use defense mechanisms to disregard unwanted emotions. This leaves a negative effect on the unconscious mind and makes a person act irrationally. By comparing cultures and examining how nature vs. urture, the theme of pies and how the ecological theory all come into play when dealing with the way children treat relationships, it is hoped that one will see that aggression in the home will indeed lead to negative relationships for the child’s near future. One key question many would ask and not for only this topic (but many on the mind in general), would be are these actions and thoughts merely influenced by parents, or are they born with the â€Å"defect† and therefore forced to live with it. The argument of nature vs. nurture is a questi on that has baffled even the most renowned of psychologists. Both sides have strong supporting arguments therefore coming up with an end answer would be impossible for one to do. In Daena’s article, entitled â€Å"Is Aggressive Behaviour Biologically or Environmentally Based? † Daena proposes that aggression is learned. Supporting herself by linking aggression with Skinner’s rat, continuing by saying aggression is caused by positive reinforcement (reward). By calming a kid down with a toy, the child would have received the â€Å"reward†, now the child understands if he does this, then another â€Å"reward† should come. One way this could be seen in a household could be when a father cusses after he hurts himself. The child could subconsciously perceive that the pain and expression on the father going away shortly after was his reward, therefore the child takes on the habit. This does put some weight on the nurture side because the reward is what causes any outcome. But, Professor Richard Tremblay of the University of Montreal says that â€Å"We do not need to learn to aggress, but to not aggress. In this indirect argument with the other article mentioned Tremblay suggests that children are aggressive by nature and learn how to control their aggression at around 4 years old. When linking nature or nurture to aggression one must understand that they really can’t choose an option and be satisfied with their decision. â€Å"PIES† stands for the four kinds of development; physical, intellectual, emotional, social. When children witness aggression at home almost every kind of development a re interrupted. Physical development includes growth of bone muscles, motor skills and senses. Intellectual development includes the maturation of mental process, such as learning, imagination, memory and perception. When a child is used to seeing aggression exhibited by their parents, they will associate that violence will many things they see on a daily basis. For example the first time the child sees adults mating on television, etc. Their first instinct would usually be to believe that the couple is actually fighting. This shows that what they sense would be different from what’s actually happening therefore proving a negative outcome. Emotional development includes the maturation and evolution of emotions, social skills, identity, and morals. If a child grows up witnessing spousal abuse from an early age, and isn’t explained that it’s bad, then would that child not believe that this action is perfectly fine? Seeing the father only do this when he’s angry, the child could perceive that beating somebody is an output of anger for them as well. Social development includes the evolution of knowledge of how people interact, play, share, take turns, or talk socially. From an early stage if the child sees fighting, it is then safe to assume that their ‘evolution of knowledge based on how people interact’ will be evolving off of the witnessed negative action seen in the first place (spousal abuse, swearing parents, etc. ). A child’s development could be positive or negative based solely on the overall environment the child is living in. One may be lead to believe that aggression is taught by others, and then mirrored by the children whom the aggression will eventually attach itself too. Urie Bronfenbrenners Ecological Theory argues that development is influenced by five environmental systems. The theory identifies five environmental systems. The five environmental systems are: Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, and Chronosystem. The microsystem is the child’s immediate surroundings i. e. family, neighborhood and friends. This theory suggests that if the child lives in a damaged microsystem, the child’s development could also be damaged. The mesosystem is the connection seen between immediate environments i. e. parents to peers. This directly relates to the topic showing that if a child witness’s abuse, there’s a good chance they will mirror it with their peers. Children need people in order to become human. It is primarily through observing, playing, and working with others both older and younger than he that a child discovers both what he can do and who he can become. †-Urie Bronfenbrenner (quotes. dictionary. com). This quote can be fitted to the topic of aggression in children because she basically explains that without o ther humans, we would have no route for our personality/identity to take. The Macrosystem describes the culture of the child, anywhere from physical geographic, to wealth in the child’s area. Urie suggests that those that are living in lower class are more likely to commit crime. It must also be understood that children influenced by their environment is not conclusive. As children in some African regions see violence every day but learned to adapt with it as opposed to keeping it bottled up in their head. The final system is the Chronosystem. This monitors patterns of environmental events over time. Non-normative events may have a negative psychological effect, e. g. a recent divorce or death in the family. The change is too drastic for the child to cope with. With witnessed aggression, as it starts to become the normal in the child’s life, the child may seek to emulate it later on when the ‘normal’ aggression is missing. Urie Bronfenbenners theory does weigh in favor of the child learning the aggression because it all seems to tie into the child feeling a sense of normal. Based on the theory, children will emulate what they see, because if they didn’t emulate anything, they would have no guidance in their life. Their identity would be 100% their own. Therefore if aggression is their guide, aggression will be what children emulate.

Organic vs. Non-organic Food Essay Example for Free

Organic vs. Non-organic Food Essay Bottom line, going green can cultivate envy. The public is constantly bombarded with the idea that organic products are better. Perhaps this is true, but maybe it is brilliant marketing simply selling a status symbol. Envy can come from a neighbor’s luscious, organically grown front yard to the hybrid vehicle a co-worker drives, to the organic foods that consumers in a higher financial echelon seem to be able to only afford. Is this envy justifiable or is the notion of organics and its superiority a tactic of propaganda to boost the already $30-plus billion industry even higher, according to Farm and Dairy’s April, 2012 article â€Å"Organic Food Sales†? Although proponents of organic food insist it is healthier than conventional food, non-organic foods are extremely comparable to its organic counterpart, possibly even more necessary. The United States has evolved into a powerful nation; one that boasts of freedoms, luxuries and an overabundance of practically everything. The United States is also a country which has a population that grows greater and greater each year. Reasons including the number of births outnumbering the number of deaths, as well as the number of immigrants coming to live the â€Å"American Dream. † According to the Census Bureau End-of-2011 estimate, â€Å"the United States will enter 2012 with a population of roughly 312. 8 million people† (Schlesinger, 2011, para, 1). This statistic takes into account one birth approximately every 8 seconds, one death every 12 seconds as well as one new migrant entering the country approximately every 46 seconds. As cited by Schlesinger (2011), this ends up with a population increase of over two million in 2012. This is a staggering number and would only increase over time. In his article â€Å"Point: Industrial Agriculture has Improved Farming for Hundreds of Years,† George Wright (2011) explains how the use of biotechnology and techniques such as caging animals used to increase the profits of agricultural industry is not a contemporary idea. Wright (2011, para. 7) states how â€Å"the use of biotechnology to produce food has been around for over 8000 years. † He gives examples such as enzymes being used to make foods like baked goods and dairy products. Wright also asserts that â€Å"biotechnology is expected to help agriculture by improving quality, nutrition, safety and the processing of raw crops,† (Wright, 2011, para. 7). Biotechnology is not a process that is new to the agriculture industry. Finally, Wright’s article (2011, para. 12) concludes that â€Å"with the world’s population at six billion and heading higher, there is no practical alternative to ‘industrial agriculture’. † He also points out that â€Å"agricultural innovations from industries such as biotechnology are advancing agricultural production,† (Wright, 2011, para. 13). In addition, Avery’s article â€Å"‘Frontline’ Perpetuates Pesticide Myths† (1993), Avert adds that â€Å"it is believed that if the world converts to organic systems of farming, by 2050 this system of farming will not be able to supply enough food for the population and will be responsible for massive amounts of deaths due to starvation. Another organic misnomer claims that organic livestock and plants are free from chemicals and unnecessary medications, unlike their non-organic counterparts. According to Nancy Sprague’s 2011 article, â€Å"Counterpoint: Organic Food is Unnecessary the Current Food Supply is Safe†, there are a myths about organic food that are debunked. She discusses how organic foods are actually prepared and while comparing and contrasting it to the process non-organic foods go through prior to arriving at the grocery shelves. When discussing about the use (or lack thereof) of pesticides, Sprague (2011, para. 4) notes that â€Å"organic farmers can use pesticides from an approved list,† which contradicts the consumer’s belief that organic foods have not come into contact with any pesticides. Sprague goes further to state the toxins that the organic industry supposedly takes pride into avoiding are contaminants that actually cannot be avoided. Nitrates, chemicals and antibiotics are now found naturally within the environment due to â€Å"broad contamination of the earth’s natural resources† (Sprague, 2011, para. 4). The organic industry also asserts that the levels of hormones in non-organic meats are extremely high and in-turn dangerous to the consumers’ health. In fact, in Lester Aldrich’s (2006) article, â€Å"Consumers Eat Up Organic Beef Despite Costs, Unproven Benefits†, he finds quite the opposite conclusion. Aldrich discusses the results of a study by Gary Smith, professor of meat sciences at the Center for Red Meat Safety. This study analyzed and compared the levels of hormones found in two-3 ounce steaks, one each from an organic animal and one from a non-organic animal. The results were shocking. Smith’s compare/contrast analysis showed that there was an almost incomprehensible difference (on a nanogram scale) between the hormone levels from both the organic and non-organic samples,† (Aldrich, 2006, para. 29). Aldrich (2006) then compared these results to the levels of these same hormones to a typical birth control pill that is voluntarily consumed. The results showed â€Å"the average birth-control pill provides 35,000 nanograms of estrogen daily† whereas â€Å"a non-pregnant woman produces about 480,000 nanograms of estrogen, 240,000 nanograms of testosterone and 10. 1 million nanograms of progesterone daily,† (Aldrich, 2006, para. 30). The comparison is astounding and should put any worries about added hormones in our food to rest. Prior to pasteurization of food, people would die young due to food-borne illnesses. Avery (2002) opens his article â€Å"The Hidden Dangers In Organic Food† with â€Å"Products most people think are purer than other foods are making people seriously ill. † Avery’s (2002) article mentions how the invention of the refrigerator as well as simple procedures such as food refrigeration and washing ones hands before eating or making food would eventually keep food-borne illness to a minimum in the United States, although those individuals who were quite ill or weak would die if exposed to food-borne bacteria. Unfortunately, with all the claims of health, organic food is becoming more notorious for being served on a plate with food-borne illnesses such as salmonella, and now more recently, E. coli. Avery (2002, para. 1) cites the U. S. Centers for Disease Control stating â€Å"people who eat organic and natural foods are eight times likely as the rest of the population to be attacked by a deadly new strain of E. coli bacteria,† salmonella or fungus. According to Avery (2002), USDA offered organic famers a method that did not require either pesticides or pasteurization to protect the crops; irradiation. This process used low levels of gamma radiation to kill bacteria while maintaining the freshness of the food. Unfortunately, organic farmers were outraged and more than 200,000 protesters opposed the idea therefore the USDA removed this process from the final organic food standard (Avery, 2002). This has not been beneficial for public safety, as cited in Sprague’s (2011) where she points out that there have been several infections caused by E. coli in the United States during 2009 alone. Organic farming does have one huge positive aspect: it strives for self-sustainability and leaves a small carbon footprint in the environment. With that said, organic farms, regardless of whether or not its food can be proven to be healthier than conventional food, requires a much larger area of land mass to produce the same amount of food than that of a conventional farm. According to Avery (2002), â€Å"agriculture already takes up 36 percent of the world’s land surface. † Avery (2002) translates this to mean that by year 2050, short of a worldwide cataclysm, the world will need 2. 5 times more food output than what is needed today. Wilcox (2011, para. 26) states in her article â€Å"Mythbusting 101: Organic Farming Conventional Agriculture† that until organic farming can contend with the output of conventional farming due to space needed without the ecological costs involved, the need for more space will be severely detrimental to the environment. † Organic farms help the environment on small, local levels. Unfortunately they do not produce the same amount of food that a conventional farm can; between 20%-50% below what a conventional farm of the same size will produce (Wilcox, 2011). Wilcox (2011) also emphasizes that with more advanced technology, organic farming may eventually be able to keep up with conventional food production, however, if more areas of the planet become transformed into organic farmland in the meantime, the planet’s natural habitats will begin to quickly deplete. Conventionally farmed foods and organic foods both have positive and negative aspects to their individual philosophies. Organic farming does not necessarily produce healthier food. Hormone levels in organic and non-organic foods are extremely similar and the lack of pesticides in organic food contributes to a higher frequency of food-borne illnesses. As much as this is true, the organic farm leaves a smaller carbon footprint than a conventional farm, which, in the long run will allow for the environment to sustain itself and be able to continue producing more food. With that being said, when going to the store to buy food, the consumer should make the conscious choice to purchase organic foods when it is affordable, in order to support and promote self-sustainable/organic farming. If the choice is made to buy conventional foods, the consumer should not feel guilty or worried the food is substandard to organic. There should be confidence knowing that USDA regulations are being followed by conventional farms to produce the highest quality food possible. ? References Aldrich, L. (2006, July 12). Consumers eat up organic beef despite costs, unproven benefits. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from htttp://search. proquest. com. proxy. devry. edu/business/docprintview/398944062/abstract/137 Avery, D. T. (1993, Apr 01). Frontline perpetuates pesticide myths. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com. proxy. devry. edu/business/docprintview/398370529/Record/1371 Avery, D. T. (2002, June 25). The hidden dangers in organic food. Retrieved from http://www. cgfi. org/2002/06/the-hidden-dangers-in-organic-food/ Sprague, N. (2011). Counterpoint: Organic food is unnecessary the current food supply is safe. Points Of View: Organic Food, 3. Retrieved from http://search. ebscohost. com/login. aspx? direct=tryedb=pwhAN=43286301site=pov-line Schlesinger, R. (2011, Dec 30). U. S.population 2012: nearly 313 million people. U. S. News and World Report, Retrieved from http://www. usnews. com/opinion/blogs/robert-schlesinger/2011/12/30/us-population-2012-nearly-313-million-people Wilcox, C. (2011, July 18). Mythbusting 101: organic farming conventional agriculture. Scientific American, Retrieved from http://blogs. scientificamerican. com/science-sushi/2011/07/18/mythbusting-101-organic-farming-conventional-agriculture/ Wright, G. (2011). Point: Industrial agriculture has improved farming for hundreds of years. Points Of View: Factory Farming, 2.

Android The Most Popular Mobile Platform Computer Science Essay

Android The Most Popular Mobile Platform Computer Science Essay Introduction Mobile development platform is a technology that enables mobile developers to create of production and processes that support present and future development of mobile applications. In the assignment, I will compare three of the leading mobile development platforms in the market which is Android, BlackBerry, and Java ME with analyses on the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats for each of the different platforms. Android SDK Android is the most popular mobile platform in the world. Android delivers a complete set of software for mobile devices; an operating system, middleware and key mobile applications. (Android Overview, Open Handset Alliance 2010) In 2005, Google acquired the startup company Android Inc. to start the development of Android platform for mobile. The Android SDK was first release in November 2007. Google announced the availability of Android SDK Candidate 1.0. Google offers a comprehensive software development kits with a variety of packages that are available a la carte under the Android SDK Manager. In October 2008, Android is an open source and Google releases the code under Apache License. (Android Overview, Open Handset Alliance 2010) STRENGTHS Google Google is one of the most well known technology company in the world. Android is backed up by Google in collaboration with Open Handset Alliance. Most of the potential partners, venders and developers will believe that Google will give more attention and credibility on Android OS compare to other mobile OS because of the brand. Device Unlike the Apples IOS where you have the only one option for hardware supplier which is Apple Inc. The Android OS is open source and it is compatible with most of the devices such as Samsung, HTC, Sony and etc. This will provides consumers wider choices from which manufacturer to choose to buy their devices. Open source The Android OS is built from a Linux based using JAVA language for the programming. Most of the developers, especially freelancer they will choose to develop mobile application by using Android where we can get the information and source code easily. This makes developers to create many free Apps for Android market (Currently known as Goggle Play Store). (Android SWOT analysis, Arun Kumar 2012) WEAKNESSES Multimedia Support Android Multimedia Support is less unlike the Apple which has centralized in iTunes application and marketplace. Android does not have a central source of multimedia material. Upgrading of OS reliance on mobile manufacturers When Google releases a new version of Android OS, it has to wait for the mobile manufacturer to make a compatibility test and modify the code to make sure it works properly on their hardware configuration. Least of security- Since Android Application development is open source, so it was always prone to external threats like malwares. OPPORTUNITIES Compatibility Android OS not only compatible with mobile, it also compatible for tablet PC and e-book reader. There have been several release of Android tablets over last few months from computer machine manufacturer such as HP, ASUS, Dell and ACER. Developing Countries Google has a huge opportunity to develop inexpensive devices using the Android platform in developing countries. (Hylander 2010). Android also has high potential growth in Asia and Africa Countries and it has triggered up the sales of smart phones and tablet PCs. Developer friendly Android give the opportunities to developers to develop advance application and earn some revenue from the sales of application and advertising. THREATS Competitive There were many competitors in the market are going to fight with Android for their share of the market. For example, Symbian, RIM, iOS and Windows. System Crashed Downloading of application from un-trusted website may make the operating system crash or affect other application in the smart phone. Androids cheaper initialize installation in low cost mobile phone which will affects the buyer compared to other platform such as iOS in IPhone. BlackBerry BlackBerry is a brand of wireless handheld devices and services developed by Canadian telecommunications company Research In Motion (RIM).(RIM 2012) The first BlackBerry device, an email pager, was released in 1999. (Davis, Jim January 20,1999) Most of the BlackBerry devices are well known in their send and receive push email and instant messages ability especially the BlackBerry Messenger service. They are also designed to function the devices as personal digital assistants, gaming devices and so on. STRENGTHS BlackBerry is a recognition brand of mobile development platform. BlackBerry Messenger allows their users to text unlimited with no extra cost. Several types of form-factors available in BlackBerry mobile phones such as small keyboard, large keyboard, flip phone, candy bar and no keyboard. BlackBerry is an encrypted military-grade security platform, with 100% market share at FBI, CIA, White House, Congress, Department of Defense, major consultancies and major investment banks. BlackBerry is the only one platform approved for use in US national security agencies. (Raman885 November 2011) WEAKNESSES BlackBerry has a poor applications store experience which is not able to install on all devices. Most of the applications which are available for iOS and android devices are not going to be available for blackberry mobile platform. BlackBerry is a business oriented phone, most of the fun application available for other markets but not for blackberry devices. There were two different operating systems between touch screen devices and non-touch screen devices. OPPORTUNITIES BlackBerry Partners Fund is used to make applications are downloadable from independent companies which might be help to gain more market share. BlackBerry World is the most profitable mobile application store for developers. BlackBerry has the ability to perform synchronization of email, calendar and contact with compatible servers. THREATS The main threat facing by BlackBerry is their competitors which include iOS of Apple, Android platform of Google, Windows Phone from Microsoft and other mobile development platforms. JAVA ME JAVA ME also known as Java platform Micro Edition. Java ME provides a flexible environment for application running on mobile and embedded devices such as personal digital assistants and mobile phones. STRENGTHS Java ME is offering flexible environment for multiple mobile application. Java ME included the object-oriented programming features make large programs easier to write. Java ME is an open sources platform for mobile development. WEAKNESSES It is not a complete development platform but just a virtual machine. JAVA ME only limited to embedded and small devices such as mobile phones. Java ME is only mostly open source whereas android is completely open sources. OPPORTUNITIES It enables developer to build sophisticated applications for multiple applications with confidence. The most popular and widely accepted development platform for wireless devices from leading phones manufactures. THREATS Android development platform is the main threats for Java ME platform especially the user interface android support touch screen smart phones. Most of the developers may choose Android instead of Java ME as the platform because of the number of users of android OS phone are increasing. Conclusion The most ideal platform that I choose is Android mobile development platform. First of all,

Racism :: essays research papers

It's one of the most explosive topics around and one that people rarely greet with sincerity. Everywhere you go, and everywhere you look, there is always somebody different. Imagine walking down the street and having people stare at you or call you names, or talk behind your back, just because your skin is a different color, or your of a different religion. We all seem to ask our selves the same question over and over, why do people do this? But unfortunately racism is almost impossible to stop. There will always be egotistic people who considers their race to be better then that of other’s. The novel I read is about a Jewish girl by the name of Judith who begins to experience the cruelty of racism at the age of seven. The two boys that live across the street from Judith were always mean to her. They said that because she was Jewish she wasn’t allowed on their side of the street. And if they ever saw her on their lawn they would beat her up. She had no friends at school or in her neighborhood except one girl by the name of Rachel, who was also Jewish. The problem was that Rachel lived in America, and Judith lived in Canada, other then summer camp they couldn’t see each other. The next summer Judith met a Jewish boy by the name of Ori, who also lived in America. She felt as though they were soul mates. Several years went by, and Judith and Ori moved to Israel together. They got a small, one bedroom apartment and began University. Not long after, they began to drift apart from each other. She packed up all her stuff and decided to move to London. Then she met a guy by the name of James. He wasn’t Jewish, but Judith really liked him. She knew that her parents would never approve of him, but she didn’t care. It didn’t matter to her the fact that he wasn’t. But once her parent’s found out about James they gave her an ultimatum. Either she moves back home to Toronto, or goes back to Jerusalem. Since she didn’t have time for a job and her parent’s refused to pay her bills, she had no other choice but to go back to Jerusalem. Her dreams were shattered, and she was left empty handed. What staggered me the most about this book was the information I came across in the second chapter.

The Strategies The Meiji Government Used to Achieve Economic Developmen

The Strategies The Meiji Government Used to Achieve Economic Development? The Meiji government during the 1880's created both an institutional and constitution structure that allowed Japan in the coming decades to be a stabile and industrializing country. Two major policies and strategies that reinforced stability and economic modernization in Japan were the creation of a national public education system and the ratification of the Meiji constitution. Both these aided in stability and thus economic growth. The creation of a national education system aided in creating stability because it indoctrinated youth in the ideas of loyalty, patriotism, and obedience. Japan's education system at first stressed free thought and the ideas of individual's exploration of knowledge but by 1890 the education system of Japan became a tool for indoctrination into what Peter Duus calls "a kind of civil religion" with the Imperial Rescript on Education. This Rescript stressed two things. First, it stressed loyalty to the emperor and to a lesser extant to the state. In every classroom a picture of the emperor was placed. Second, the education system stressed self sacrifice to the state and family. Filial piety was taught in schools and applied not only to the family but also to the national family which included father, teacher, official and employer. The Japanese education system also created a system of technical schools and universities both public and private that educated a grow...

The Women Of Jane Austen :: Jane Austen Females Essays

The Women of Jane Austen Jane Austen has attracted a great deal of critical attention in recent years. Many have spoken out about the strengths and weaknesses of her characters, particularly her heroines. Austen has been cast as both a friend and foe to the rights of women. According to Morrison, 'most feminist studies have represented Austen as a conscious or unconscious subversive voicing a woman's frustration at the rigid and sexist social order which enforces subservience and dependence'; (337). Others feel that her marriage plots are representative of her allegiance to the social quid pro quo of her time: 'Marriage, almost inevitably the narrative event that constitutes a happy ending, represents in their view a submission to a masculine narrative imperative that has traditionally allotted women love and men the world'; (Newman 693).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In reality, Austen cannot accurately be evaluated as an author (or feminist subversive) without first examining the eighteenth century English society in which she lived and placed her heroines. Watt says that Austen's characters cannot be seen 'clearly until we make allowances for the social order in which they were rooted'; (41). Austen lived in a society where women were expected to be 'accomplished,'; as Darcy states in Pride and Prejudice, but not well educated ('Notes';). Women of the late eighteenth-century could not attend educational institutions like Oxford or Cambridge. It was not considered necessary for a woman to have knowledge of either Greek or Latin. If a woman received training, it was usually religious or domestically practical. The expected accomplishments of a woman at the time included the ability to draw, singing, speaking modern languages (such as Italian or French), and playing a musical instrument, usually the piano. These accomplishments were required to attract the right (rich) kind of husband. A woman's financial status was very important, and yet there was little she could do to improve it. Women of some social standing could not just go out and get a job. The only opportunities for support outside one's family was work as a governess, or live-in teacher. Money for a woman usually only came through marriage or the death of her father, and then only if she had no brothers or other male relatives. Marriage, then, was looked upon by both men and women as a necessity for security, regardless of a lack of attraction or love. Long-range financial stability had to be procured at an early age.

The Old Man and the Storm

This program starts with the family patriarch, 82-year old Herbert Gettridge, out in his yard cleaning up from the wake of hurricanes Katrina and Rita. He has made it his mission to recreate the home he’d originally crafted more than 50 years earlier, this was literally his creation. So there was nothing in his body that was going to allow him to walk away from that. Mr. Gettridge was trying to get the house together so that he could bring his wife (Lydia Gettridge) of 60+ years home.Nobody felt comfortable bringing her back to a city where there really was no hospital, no ambulance service or anything. She suffers form congestive heart failure and diabetes, New Orleans is the only place she has ever known so it was really important for her to come back. And so, therefore, really important to Mr. Gettridge, him being a good husband and all. To make sure that she is able to get back to her home. Officials said the area was uninhabitable but Mr. Gettridge didn’t care. I t hink his attitude was, well, the house withstood the water.I’ll be damned if I’m going to just walk away from it. I worked too hard to get this. He has worked since the time he was seven years old, he dropped out of school during the Depression. And had learned to work with his hands. He fought racism and diversity at work and over came it, becoming a master plasterer. He took pride in his work and it showed. He did a lot of one of a kind work, one of the houses he did work on is a historical landmark. The Gettridge family has a lot of perseverance, love and strength he and his wife raised nine children.Only seven are living now, they have thirty-six grandchildren and many great grand children. The house is only part of his tragedy. Three generations of his family, were scattered across the country in the wake of hurricanes Katrina and Rita. His family has been in New Orleans for over five generations. It’s very possible that the Gettridge house is on land that his ancestors had once worked as slaves. His family of 200 people or so, all lived within fifteen-minute drive from each other and would still get together for holidays and to celebrate things they were a close knit family.Mr. Gettridge with the help, support, and sacrifice of volunteers, and charities finishes his house against the huge odds he faced. Lydia is brought home by one of her daughters just before July fourth of 2007. A year and a half after the flood. She is disoriented when she arrives from a stroke she had suffered. She doesn't recognize the house she left and says she wants to leave. Mr. Gettridge tries to lighten the mood with his since of humor telling he she looks as beautiful as she did when she was sweet sixteen. However, she’s not buying it.Only when their children and grand children start visiting them for the up coming forth of July festivities does Mrs. Gettridge start to feel as if this is her home again. Mr. Gettridge was asked if he had to do it al l over again, would he? He answers, â€Å"I’m kinda skeptical about that now. Once upon a time I could answer that question in a split second for you. I can’t do that now†. He’s a man of incredible determination and incredibly stubborn. But, He’s been worn down. There’s just so much you can do at 84 to start over again. It takes hands to build a house, but only hearts can build a home. ~Author Unknown

Brave New World: A Linguistic Analysis

The novel Brave New World by Aldous Huxley tries to show us the extreme consequences of social planning. As Huxley makes it, it is a project begun in philosophy, and ending in a few philosophers exercising control over larger society in order to suppress philosophy among the generality. The remnant of philosophers has earned the wisdom that thinking is deleterious to human happiness and social stability. Therefore the overriding goal of the 27th century world community is to suppress the natural human inclinations.In effect the community is only of the small coterie of philosophers at the helm, for the rest of humanity is maintained at a bestial level of existence by their machinations. They are bred artificially, and then raised through constant conditioning, all designed to make them function on their animal instincts alone, and so that they abhor the least tendency to reflection. All are made sexually sterile, and then encouraged to dwell on the sexual act with promiscuous abandon .Care is taken that the promiscuous partners do not fall in love, for love arouses the noble tendencies, and theses are dangerous to the status quo. Otherwise, any substantial thought in nipped in the bud, for the inhabitants of this society are encouraged to take the soma drug at the least onset of a serious thought process. It has been worked out that a hierarchy is necessary for this society to function, and according a five-fold caste system has been applied to the make-up of this society – from the alphas and betas at the top, to the deltas and epsilons at the bottom.The breeding and conditioning takes place according to this scheme. It is a triumph of logic, and yet it is also the death of the human. This conflict is the central theme of the novel. The opening section of the novel presents to us this theme variously and in poignant fashion. This essay carries out a linguistic analysis of the opening chapter, which sheds light on the overall theme. The general impression given is that society has progressed very far, so that logic and science have completely prevailed.The Director of the Hatcheries is describing to some students the process of artificially breeding the citizens of this society. His account tells us that it is a highly advanced process, and the machinery seems to be functioning flawlessly. As he enters the fertilizing room, there are fifty Fertilizer staff immersed in their work, and so the group is met with a â€Å"scarcely breathing silence, the absentminded, soliloquising hum or whistle, of absorbed concentration† (Huxley 2004, p. 16). All the clues point to a highly sophisticated society working on the factory principle.The factory principle is so esteemed years are counted from the year that the industrialist Henry Ford brought out his first mass-production car, the model T, which was in the year 1914. The present year is said to be 632 A. F. – the latter stands for â€Å"after Ford† (Ibid 15). But the fact ory is producing human beings. The cold calculation that is involved in this process reminds us of death rather than life. The suggestion is that the genesis of human being is also a process whereby humanity dies. Therefore, the general atmosphere painted is deathly, cold and uninspiring.â€Å"A SQUAT grey building of only thirty-four stories† (Ibid, p. 15). describes the Hatcheries Central, and defines a drab setting, to juxtapose it against its momentous function. Winter conditions are maintained to preserve the eggs and the sperm, and winter is also intimated in a symbolic sense. â€Å"Wintriness responded to wintriness. The overalls of the workers were white, their hands gloved with a pale corpse-coloured rubber. The light was frozen, dead, a ghost† (Ibid). The general impression is that this is not a place of life, but of death.The conflict is also between knowledge and ignorance. We are privy to a society where the excess of knowledge has begotten its antithesis, which is a will to ignorance. The society is based on a highly philosophical design, and yet the philosophy behind it is not supposed to be known by the citizens, because the entire object is to eradicate thinking. Thus the motto of World Society is emblazoned on the top of the entrance to the Hatcheries: â€Å"COMMUNITY, IDENTITY, STABILITY† (Ibid). The only possible way for the entire world to live as one community is to suppress thought.Individuality is encouraged, but only in so far as it pertains to action in particular, and eschews all generalizations that stems of thinking. â€Å"Not philosophers but fret-sawyers and stamp collectors compose the backbone of society,† we are told by the narrator (Ibid). â€Å"Identity† here means that one is able to fulfill one’s own immediate inclination or instinct. Stability is the result of this non-thinking and instinct-driven existence. In short, the plan is for a bestial existence, and one acquires stability just as a species of animal is stable in its jungle abode.Yet the highest philosophy must coexist with this manufactured ignorance, because the ignorance must be manufactured by someone. The Director of the Hatcheries is among the tiny group of citizens that must know exactly what is going on, for they must process and maintain it. He is part of the highest caste, the Alphas, those who are privy to all knowledge. But the second highest caste, the Betas, must also have a working knowledge, because they take on the high supervisory roles of the running of this society. â€Å"Just to give you a general idea† (Ibid 16).the Director is wont to say as he provides instruction to the Beta students. They are not supposed to know, yet they must be able to do their work properly, and with a modicum of intelligence. The knowledge that they are provided is just enough to keep them happy. They apply the knowledge towards the particular work that they have to do. If they do their work prof iciently they have job satisfaction and financial reward, and ask for nothing beyond these. But the danger is that the knowledge is applied generally, and beyond the confines of the particular situation.Such application of knowledge disrupts the whole pattern, and defeats the object of society. â€Å"For particulars, as every one knows,† the narrator tells us, describing the logic of the Director, â€Å"make for virtue and happiness; generalities are intellectually necessary evils† (Ibid). The last observation is told from the point of view of the Director, and it is significant that he describes generalities as â€Å"intellectually necessary evils†. This is admitting that evil has not been eradicated from this society. It is present in the process, especially in the thought process that engenders the entire system.But the intellection that takes place is necessary, so it is not the philosophers at the helm who are evil. There is no indication in the novel that the World Controllers abuse the power that they have appropriated. They are portrayed as selfless, and as having no concern but the greatest good of society. They hold the secret knowledge that thought is evil, but the evil does not touch their own person, while they proceed with their intellectual designs on society. The evil is instead diffused throughout the system. The evil aspect of this society is the aggregate loss of humanity.Happiness has been bought, but the price paid for it has been essential humanity. The gift of humanity is the greatest gift, and thus the price paid is the ultimate one. For all its apparent contentedness, this society is intrinsically inhuman, and the descriptions of the process taking place in the Hatcheries Central point towards an inhuman existence. â€Å"I shall begin at the beginning† (Ibid). This is how the Director begins his instruction, trying to manufacture a solemnity in keeping with the enormity of what is taking place, which is huma n genesis on a massive scale.But his effort falls flat, and it seems nothing more than a facetious pun. We notice the same effort towards solemnity in all his words and gestures. But solemnity is not possible in the presence of such mundane processes, no matter that the object is human genesis. He tells them about the operation that removes the female ovaries, which are then kept functioning artificially in order to provides the human eggs. We are told that the donors act voluntarily, but we know that it is actually a hefty bait of â€Å"a bonus amounting to six months’ salary† that induces them (Ibid, p. 17).Both sperm and egg cells are maintained at the right temperatures, before arriving at the fertilizing room, where cylinders containing the eggs are manually dipped into the sperm to effect fertilization. We are shocked to witness human conception under such a shabby process as dipping cylinders is seminal fluid. The calculation is relentless. Not all the fertilize d eggs are not all treated the same. Those embryos that are destined to become Alpha citizens are accorded the best treatment. All other embryos are deliberately maltreated, to various degrees, so that they form the lower hierarchies, from beta to epsilon.The â€Å"Bokanovsky’s Process† is the euphemistic term to describe this crime. The deliberate damaging of embryos in indicative of the inherent inhumanity of this society. It is one human being maiming another who is at the most defenseless state of existence. The evil is thus inherent in the process itself. Not just on the philosopher at the top, the indictment somehow falls on society at a whole. References Huxley, Aldous. Brave New World and Brave New World Revisited. London: HarperCollins, 2004.

Three Musketeers

Sunday night as I was staggering down the street with blood dripping from the gashes on my head † Oh yeah by the way it was Halloween and I was dressed up as a zombie, anyway we were Like the 3 musketeers me as a zombie, Each as a mummy, and Cattail as a witch all strolling down the streets with pockets full of sweets and I mean full as we turned the corner to go down Casey avenue there It was the lonely house at the end of the street with the creaky gate here no one went, but you know Each wanting to get sweets from every house so we went, the gate creaked as it opened the dead rose trees in the front garden and the odd rat scattering across the path sent a shiver up my spine as we approached the door bats flew around our heads the thick old wooden door creaked open I knew this wasn't a good idea an old strange man staggered towards the door we could slightly see his face in the moonlight he had a pointy nose thick grey curly hair red eyes, a pale mouth and a face as white as snowMay 3, 1999 was a day l, and many other Oklahoman, will never forget. It was Friday afternoon and I had just got off a conference call around 4:30. I was tired after a long week so I flipped on the TV to take my mind off of work. Well, there were live news reports warning there was a tornado around 70-80 miles south-southwest of Oklahoma City. I had no idea this tornado was going to stay on the ground for hours and create the strongest winds ever recorded – Ever. It started out small, like an Fl, UT as it got closer to Oklahoma City the thing – this monster off storm – got bigger and bigger and bigger! I'll never forget watching this whole thing live as it happened from the eyes of the local TV helicopters.The most chilling moments that really haunt me were to see destroyed neighborhoods moments after the tornado tore through them In the Bridge Creek/Moore suburbs that were hit the hardest. People were coming out of an elementary school, where they had taken shelter, and they were just walking around in a daze among the total destruction of what use to be heir homes. Most homes were gone and destroyed beyond recognition. I knew if the helicopters stayed on the scene long enough we would see people who had died. It was really uncomfortable to see this horror unfold as it happened while sitting in the comforts of my family room. Oh, the smell of natural gas! I can still remember how strong it was.It hung in the air for the longest time after the monster destroyed most everything in its path. We were 15 miles away, too. In all, there were over 60 rondos that day that ripped through Oklahoma and Kansas.

Primary school Essay

Schooldays are the most pleasurable gift that are directly gifted by god to every human. It is filled with happiness. It also acquaints me to some precious friends and unforgettable thoughts to my life. I am privileged to share my reminiscence of my school The name of my school is sithi vinayagar primary school in agathapati. I reside in venkatayapuram. My native is pastoral background devoid of basic needs. Even for catering our necessity we depend on the nearby village sundrapandium. Due to non-availability of transport, I and my friends used to walk half hour to reach my school. It was a management school of belonging to a particular caste group. These prevails the dominance of the caste students over the other sects of students There were five teachers working under a single head master. People from the surrounding villages work in different posts. My school locked good infrastructure, as it is located in the outskirts of the village. No one pays respect to my school . only for earning a good income management dares to function the school. My school commence from 9 am to 5 pm. by 9. 00am prayer song would be sung leading up to the announcement with the national anthem in the end of the prayer session. After that we enter into our respective classes as regular sessions commences then. At 12. 30 am all the students gathered under the neem tree and share their lunch wit their friends. After that we played together. The school routine comes to an end at 5 pm and we return home happily. During Friday and Monday, students were strictly advised to wear uniform. Personally I hate those two days because my friends and I enjoy wearing colour dresses than uniform. Every year I wait for annual day function. The preparations begin almost two or three weeks in advance with a lot of rehearsals. My friends and I eager in participating in drama. While doing my third standard, I earned a first prize by participating in a drama. In my school days I had the passion to participate in other activities than subjects. So my friends and I were not interested in going school. Contrary to that our parents strictly forced us to go to school. Usually I try to invent reasons to be away from tedious school hours. But all my attempts remain futile. During rainy days, flood encounters our two villages. So holidays may be announced from schools. I enjoyed those days and my mind long to cherish those days. I was not interested in studies, so even solving simple calculations seem to be a complex issue for me. Exams take a shape of the giant before me always. Any how I managed exams easily by keeping the books open. When I was in school, the importance of my school life was not known to me. When I was in fifth standard my school was in critical condition. The management decided to utilize the area of land constructed for a marriage hall. After a long search, they allotted a big house as our school premises. After completing my fifth standard, I shift my home to near down for my higher studies. But my school was not able to survive for a long time. At present I in my college ,but I will never forget my primary school. Eventhogh it was a past experience. A school plays a vital role in everyone’s life. So don’t forget your school. I wish that everyone should enjoy their school life with full joy and pleasure.

Decision Support System

ASSIGNMENT OF INFORMATION SYSTEM AND ADMINISTRATION NAME : QUDSIA AZEEM CLASS: BBA 3B DATE : 27-3-2013 JINNAH UNIVERSITY FOR WOMEN SUMMARY OF THE ARTICLE DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS AND WEB TECHNOLOGIES: A STATUS REPORT DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS, WORLD-WIDE WEB, DATA DRIVEN DSS, MODEL-DRIVEN DSS, IMPLEMENTATION. Introduction to DSS: A decision support system (DSS) is a computer-based information system that supports business or organizational decision-making activities. DSSs serve the management, operations, and planning levels of an organization and help to make decisions, which may be rapidly changing and not easily specified in advance.Decision support systems can be either fully computerized, human or a combination of both. DSSs include knowledge-based systems. A properly designed DSS is an interactive software-based system intended to help decision makers compile useful information from a combination of raw data, documents, and personal knowledge, or business models to identify and solve problems and make decisions. World-Wide Web technologies have rapidly transformed the entire design, development and implementation process for all types of Decision Support Systems.In particular, Web technologies have provided a new media for sharing information about decision support and a new means of delivering decision support capabilities. For DSS developers, the big leap forward is to use the â€Å"Web as computer†. Modern decision support systems (DSS) provide managers a wide range of capabilities. Computerized systems support decision tasks like information gathering, model building, sensitivity analysis, collaboration, alternative evaluation and decision implementation. Also, decision support is increasingly integrated in business processes and DSS are used for ad hoc analyses.This paper reviews the current status of Decision Support Systems in the context of developments in Web technologies. The article contains brief historical reviews, discussions on implem entations of decision support system and the major part of this article is ‘’State of Practice of DSS in 2001’’ HISTORY: Information Systems researchers and technologists have built and investigated computerized Decision Support Systems (DSS) for approximately 40 years. This article chronicles and explores the developments related to building and deploying DSS.The journey begins with building model-driven DSS in the late 1960s, theory developments in the 1970s, and implementation of financial planning systems, spreadsheet-based DSS and Group DSS in the early and mid 1980s. Data warehouses, Executive Information Systems, OLAP and Business Intelligence evolved in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Finally, the chronicle ends with knowledge-driven DSS and the implementation of Web-based DSS beginning in the mid-1990s. The field of computerized decision support is expanding to use new technologies and to create new applications.. Web-Based Decision Support System s :Power (1998b) defined a Web-Based Decision Support System as a computerized system that delivers decision support information or decision support tools to a manager or business analyst using a â€Å"thin-client† Web browser like Netscape Navigator or Internet Explorer. The computer server that is hosting the DSS application is linked to the user's computer by a network with the TCP/IP protocol. The idea of Web-enabled or Web-Based Decision Support Systems as services has been explored by various researchers and involves the concept of offering decision computation technologies as services on the Web.The recent popularity and widespread use of the World Wide Web and the Internet has been accompanied by the development of a variety of computing technologies that enable the realization of the â€Å"decision technologies as services† vision. Bhargava and Krishnan (1998) discussed the role of a series of enabling technologies in the context of Model-Driven DSS, covering technologies that enable the use of the Web for communication of decision information and computation, technologies that enable the remote and platform-independent access of DSS, and technologies that allow DSS components to be distributed over the Web.Web Technologies and DSS Tasks: Web technologies are making it possible to perform all of these tasks via a remote Web client. In thinking of such tasks, it is useful to recall the distinction made by Sprague (1980) about application-specific DSS that consist of software, data, and models for a specific decision problem and DSS generators that provide tools and algorithms for building a variety of specific DSS. Application-specific DSS are far easier to build, but rarely reusable; DSS generators are far more complex to build but can be adapted to build many specific systems.Figure 1 summarizes the relationships among 10 major tasks involved in building and using Data and Model-Driven DSS. For example, using an application-specific Mod el-Driven DSS, a user would be given the relevant decision models and data, and would focus on tasks such as model execution, development of reports, or analysis. Using a corresponding DSS generator, on the other hand, would require the performance of additional tasks such as model definition and creation of a custom user interface. IMPLEMENTATIONS OF DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM : STATE OF PRACTICE 2001:In a number of prior papers, we have examined the extent to which current DSS products have â€Å"Web-enabled† the above decision support related tasks, and we have examined the evolution of DSS and especially Web-Based DSS. In this section, we provide an informal tour of our major findings. Web technologies provide both the communication of decision-related information and software and a means of providing remote access to distributed DSS components. We discuss the first function in terms of the Web as media and the second we call the Web as computer.How these capabilities or fun ctions can be used to support decision-making is still evolving. There is much scope for imagination here, but we have identified a few important beneficial uses of these capabilities and we will now review recent developments in each of these areas. WEB AS MEDIA: The Web has facilitated the creation of a number of industry-wide DSS Information Portals . For example, the OLAP Report and Data Ware housing Online Both are industry-wide decision support portals that offer information about software products, vendors, methodologies, and white papers in the context of OLAP and data warehousing technologies.DSSResources. COM is a â€Å"knowledge repository† for a broadly defined set of Decision Support Systems. IBM’s COIN initiative (http://oss. software. ibm. com/developerworks/opensource/coin/) and e-optimization. com offer similar portals for optimization. Info Harvest and the Decision Analysis Society have created portals related to decision analysis. Individual firms ha ve used Web technologies to communicate information about their decision support products and methods, or allow users to conduct various tasks like ordering, payment or Internet delivery related to purchasing DSS products.In the context of using the Web for â€Å"providing company and product information† there is substantial activity across all categories of Decision Support Systems. WEB AS COMPUTER: We generally discuss the use of the â€Å"Web as computer† capabilities in three categories: digital product demonstrations, preview using online interactive examples, and on-line, Web-based Decision Support Systems. The first category, product demonstrations, represents a baseline for the use of the Web’s capabilities for remote computation.Online demonstrations can be delivered as animated multimedia documents (e. g. , QuickTime movies, or Shockwave animation) that require or allow little user interaction. As a next step, online interactive examples allow users t o interact (e. g. , by setting parameter values, or choosing which command to execute next, or designing the format of a report) with the DSS tool in the context of a specific example. The next step in the use of the â€Å"Web as computer† capabilities is to offer application-specific DSS to users that have decision problems within the supported categories.Recall our earlier example of OptAmaze. com which provides paper trim optimization and transportation optimization services to paper mills. Grazing Systems Limited offers decision support services in the agricultural sector. The value of such deployment of DSS may be appreciated by considering the difficulties that user firms would have in installing, maintaining and applying complex DSS tools on their own; Web-enabled DSS allow such firms to use decision support tools without encountering these difficulties.CONCLUSION: The practice of building Decision Support Systems can benefit in many ways from the availability of Web t echnologies. These technologies provide platform-independent, remote, and distributed computation and the exchange of complex multimedia information. The state of practice has benefited considerably from these technologies but e need to resolve technological, economic and social and behavioral challenges to realize the benefits the Web can provide as a platform for building Decision Support Systems.DSS developers must continuously find ways around these limitations, or make use of recent and anticipated developments such as the new version of Internet protocols. To offer decision support as a service, providers must experiment with new payment models. Decision support capabilities are of great interest to a broad range of stakeholders and enormous resources have been and will be committed to building systems that promise to improve the quality, speed and effectiveness of specific decisions. We need to do much more than implement our technologies to build effective Decision Support S ystems.

Policymaker Power point Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Policymaker Power point - Essay Example Face to face interaction with a policy maker ensures effectiveness of the visit as almost all the questions are assured of an answer and the policy maker can hear all the policy issue concerns. In my visit to the policy maker, I placed a call to their office before visiting in order to book for an appointment. I obtained the number from the blue pages in my phonebook and called between the normal working hours. After calling his office, the call went through his personal assistant who was so quick to dismiss me. However, I insisted on talking with the Policy maker and the personal assistant heeded my plea and connected me to the commissioner’s line. Though the commissioner was busy, I knew I had limited time to persuade him and I told him about the primary aim of my visit and told him that meeting him would assist in reducing childhood obesity within the constituency as it had become prevalent. I knew that the commissioner had interest in the policy issue and that he would be willing to meet me to talk of the way forward and discuss some of the possible remedies to reduce its prevalence. After explaining myself, the policy maker told me that his weekly schedule was a bit tight, but he would slot some time on April 10th at 11 am for us to meet. I thanked the policy maker and we all looked forward to meeting each other. After this confirmation, I knew that I had to survey his office and numerous other areas to identify the ideal place for us to meet. I had to look for a room or place where we would be least distracted or with less noise. I considered the school library, a reading lawn or his office. However, I deliberated on his office as it would be convenient for him too since he had acknowledged that he had a busy week. I then communicated to him on where the meeting would be held. He was also relieved that we would hold the meeting in his office. The one

Please read the cases and answer the questions by using the relevant Essay - 1

Please read the cases and answer the questions by using the relevant legal basis - Essay Example , the company must leave room for competition and must not subdue other smaller companies in the region for encouraging technological development, thus conforms to the law (Geneva, 2008). Price fixation in a market prohibits competition and leads to the development of a monopoly market structure. Inferring to the case of Ilovemoneyalot Telecommunications Company, the action by the CEO of the company to influence fixation of the prices of smartphones through a decrease of prices by 35% would disadvantage other smaller companies who are not part of the agreement to decrease the price. The decrease in prices of the smartphones by 35% would result in concerted practice towards other smaller players with a total share of 20% of the overall market share. In the reduction of the prices, Ilovemoneyalot Company should involve all the players in the market in the decision-making to avoid disadvantaging other market players. The patency law helps in the protection of the original work of an individual against production or reproduction by another party. This law majorly applies in artistical, and literature works like songs, work of literature or an innovation. Relating the patency law to the case of Arthur, the pianist who wrote a song â€Å"Beautiful Maria of my life,† after the production of the song by another party, the original composer can take legal action against the neo- composer if he/she can prove patency to the work. This is because the law protects from the production of another’s work, which is presumably still under modification (Geneva,

Permanent Pair Bonding Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Permanent Pair Bonding - Research Paper Example 227). Pair-bonds can be defined as long-term affiliation between two individuals that also includes a sexual relationship. This relationship is relatively enduring irrespective of whether it is monogamous or polygamous. Various hypotheses have surfaced regarding the evolution of human pair-bonds, with some considering it a consequence of the competition of male mating while others considering it paternal provisioning’s adaptation. This paper explores the evolution of permanent pair bonding in humans. Pair bonding is one of the most fundamental behaviors in humans like it is in all other primates and mammals. The importance of pair bonding is secondary probably only to such physiological needs as food and air. It is a natural behavior because of which it is commonly exhibited by both humans and non-human living beings, though in humans, a wide range of factors influence humans’ perceptions about and trends in pair bonding. Humans’ pair bonding patterns and behaviors are considerably different from those of other primates, humans being superior to them. Although the bond between a child and a mother in humans is homologous with the bond seen in other primates as well as mammals, yet the pair bond between a man and a woman and the pair bond between a man and a child in humans are not comparable to any terrestrial primate’s or mammals’ bonds (Immerman, 2003, p. 138). ... mother and a child in humans is similar to other terrestrial primates but the bases of affiliative bond between a man and a woman or between a child and a man is dissimilar between humans and primates. The biological explanation of the evolution of pair-bonding is explained by the research on the monogamous rodents that has led to the emergence of a neurobiological model of formation of pair-bond (Young and Wang, 2004). The neuropeptides oxytocin and vasopressin play an important role in dealing with the social cues that help in individual recognition. Reward learning and reinforcement is caused by mesolimbic dopamine. During the process of mating, dopamine receptors and neuropeptide get activated concurrently in the brain’s reward centers which leads to the conditioned preference for partner in pair-bonding. The differences observed in the tendency to develop pair bonds across different species is explained by the differential regulation of the expression of neuropeptide rece ptor. A very important perspective of the evolution of human pairing is grounded in religion. This is the perspective believed by a vast majority of people that believe in God and typically those that belong to an Abrahamic religion. It is mentioned in the religious scriptures that God made Adam and Eve as a pair and the entire generations of humans that have born ever since evolved from this first pair. For instance, in Surah Al-Nisa, it is mentioned, â€Å"O humans! Be pious (careful of your duty) to your Lord, Who created you from a single self (soul), and from it He created its mate, and from them He has spread a multitude of men and women† (Al-Nisa 4:1 cited in El-Najjar, 2007). This verse reveals about the commencement of life with one soul from which, its mate was made. Over the passage of